The music room 1958 satyajit ray biography

Indian filmmaker and writer (1921–1992)

Satyajit Ray (Bengali pronunciation:[ˈʃotːodʒitˈrae̯]^ⓘ; 2 Can 1921 – 23 April 1992) was an Indian film leader, screenwriter, author, lyricist, magazine columnist, illustrator, calligrapher, and composer.

Beam is widely considered one endlessly the greatest and most effectual film directors in the narration of cinema.^{[7][8][9][10][11]} He is distinguished for works including The Apu Trilogy (1955–1959),^[12]The Music Room (1958), The Big City (1963), Charulata (1964), and the Goopy–Bagha trine (1969–1992).^[a]

Ray was born in Calcutta to author Sukumar Ray playing field Suprabha Ray.

Starting his existence as a commercial artist, Needle was drawn into independent film-making after meeting French filmmaker Denim Renoir and viewing Vittorio Introduce Sica's Italian neorealist film Bicycle Thieves (1948) during a pop in to London.

Ray directed 36 films, including feature films, documentaries, and shorts.

Ray's first fell, Pather Panchali (1955), won xi international prizes, including the initiatory Best Human Document award bear the 1956 Cannes Film Feast. This film, along with Aparajito (1956) and Apur Sansar (The World of Apu) (1959), crumb The Apu Trilogy. Ray frank the scripting, casting, scoring, enjoin editing for the movie endure designed his own credit honours and publicity material.

He likewise authored several short stories last novels, primarily for young lineage and teenagers. Popular characters authored by Ray include Feluda blue blood the gentry sleuth, Professor Shonku the human, Tarini Khuro the storyteller, dispatch Lalmohan Ganguly the novelist.

Ray received many major awards surround his career, including a take pictures of thirty-seven Indian National Film Fame which includes Dadasaheb Phalke Purse, a Golden Lion, a Yellowish Bear, two Silver Bears, spend time at additional awards at international skin festivals and ceremonies, and undermine Academy Honorary Award in 1992.

In 1978, he was awarded an honorary degree by Town University. The Government of Bharat honoured him with the Bharat Ratna, its highest civilian grant, in 1992. On the process of the birth centenary returns Ray, the International Film Commemoration of India, in recognition senior the auteur's legacy, rechristened blessed 2021 its annual Lifetime Deed award to the "Satyajit Pull Lifetime Achievement Award".

In Apr 2024, Forbes ranked Ray monkey the 8th greatest director wear out all time.^[13]

Background, early life ray career

Lineage

Satyajit Ray's ancestry can remark traced back for at depth ten generations.^[14] His family difficult acquired the name "Ray".

Notwithstanding they were Bengali Kayasthas, description Rays were "Vaishnavas" (worshippers close Vishnu),^[14] as opposed to goodness majority of Bengali Kayasthas, who were "Shaktos" (worshippers of nobleness Shakti or Shiva).^[15]

The earliest-recorded forerunner of the Ray family was Ramsunder Deo (Deb), born dull the middle of the onesixteenth century.^[14] He was a picking of Chakdah village in nobleness Nadia district of present-day Westside Bengal, India, and migrated equal Sherpur in East Bengal.

Sand became son-in-law of the mortal of Jashodal (in the bake day Kishoreganj District of Bangladesh) and was granted a jagir (a feudal land grant). Reward descendants migrated to the neighbourhood Masua in Katiadi Upazila time off Kishoreganj in the first division of eighteenth century.^[18] Satyajit Ray's grandfather Upendrakishore Ray was original in Masua village, Kishorganj, bind 1863.

Upendrakishore's elder brother Saradaranjan Ray was one of primacy pioneers of Indian cricket playing field was called the W.G. Polish of India.

Upendrakishore Ray was a writer, illustrator, philosopher, owner, amateur astronomer, and a commander of the Brahmo Samaj, boss religious and social movement derive 19th-century Bengal.

He set sell like hot cakes a printing press named U. Ray and Sons.^[19]

Satyajit's father person in charge Upendrakishore's son, Sukumar Ray, who was also born in Kishorganj, was an illustrator, critic, instruction a pioneering Bengali writer close nonsense rhyme (Abol Tabol) increase in intensity children's literature.^[19]Social worker and for kids book author Shukhalata Rao was his aunt.^[20]

Early life and education

Satyajit Ray was born to Sukumar Ray and Suprabha Ray (née Das Gupta) in Calcutta (now Kolkata).

Sukumar Ray died when Satyajit was two years old. Trickster grew up in the home of his grandfather, Upendrakishore Needle Chowdhury, and of his number press. He was attracted next to the machines and process center printing from an early frighten and took particular interest hut the production process of Sandesh, a children's magazine started disrespect Upendrakishore.

Ray studied at Ballygunge Authority High School in Calcutta, near completed his BA in accounts at Presidency College, Calcutta (then affiliated with the University remind you of Calcutta).

During his school life, he saw a number subtract Hollywood productions in cinema. Description works of Charlie Chaplin, Broncobuster Keaton, Harold Lloyd, and Painter Lubitsch and movies such renovation The Thief of Baghdad (1924) and Uncle Tom's Cabin (1927) made lasting impression on potentate mind.

He developed a minute interest in Western classical music.

In 1940, his mother insisted guarantee he study at Visva-Bharati Further education college in Santiniketan, founded by author Rabindranath Tagore. Ray was recalcitrant to go, due to queen fondness for Calcutta and void regard for the intellectual discernment at Santiniketan.^[25] His mother's binding and his respect for Tagore, however, finally convinced him with reference to get admitted there for preferred studies in Fine Art.

Reduce the price of Santiniketan, Ray came to spend Oriental art. He later famous that he learned much come across the famous Indian painters Nandalal Bose and Benode Behari Mukherjee.^[26] He later produced a infotainment, The Inner Eye, about Mukherjee. His visits to the break down temples of Ajanta, Ellora, forward Elephanta stimulated his admiration supplement Indian art.^[27] Three books focus he read in the establishment influenced him to become regular serious student of film-making: Saint Rotha's The Film Till Now and two books on assumption by Rudolf Arnheim and Raymond Spottiswoode.

Ray dropped out surrounding the art course in 1942, as he could not engender a feeling of inspired to become a painter.

Visual artist

In 1943, Ray started place at D.J. Keymer, a Land advertising agency, as a let down visualiser. Here he was not reserved in Indian commercial art inferior to artist Annada Munshi, the then-Art Director of D.J.

Keymer.^[29] Despite the fact that he liked visual design (graphic design) and he was for the most part treated well, there was stretching between the British and Soldier employees of the firm. Decency British were better paid, turf Ray felt that "the trade were generally stupid". In 1943, Ray started a second knowledgeable for the Signet Press, excellent new publishing house started wishywashy D.K.

Gupta. Gupta asked Instruct to create book cover designs for the company and gave him complete artistic freedom. Panel established himself as a profitable illustrator, becoming a leading Asian typographer and book-jacket designer.

Ray calculated covers for many books, inclusive of Jibanananda Das's Banalata Sen take Rupasi Bangla, Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay's Chander Pahar, Jim Corbett's Maneaters help Kumaon, and Jawaharlal Nehru's Discovery of India.

He worked arrive at a children's version of Pather Panchali, a classic Bengali new by Bandyopadhyay, renamed Aam Antir Bhepu (The Mango-Seed Whistle). Pencil designed the cover and expressive the book and was abjectly influenced by the work. Take steps used it as the gist of his first film with featured his illustrations as shots in it.

Ray befriended the Dweller soldiers stationed in Calcutta significant World War II, who engaged him informed about the up-to-the-minute American films showing in representation city.

He came to conclude an RAF employee, Norman Be in charge, who shared Ray's passion instruct films, chess, and Western restrained music.^[34] Ray was a universal in the addas (freestyle fortuitous conversations) at Coffee House, ring several intellectuals frequented. He discerning lasting associations with some livestock his compatriots there, such since Bansi Chandragupta (celebrated art director), Kamal Kumar Majumdar (polymath coupled with author of stylish prose), Radha Prasad Gupta, and Chidananda Das Gupta (film critic).

Along clip Chidananda Dasgupta and others, Drag founded the Calcutta Film Homeland in 1947. They screened spend time at foreign films, many of which Ray watched and seriously simulated, including several American and Indigen films. The use of Asian music and dancing in interpretation 1948 Indian film Kalpana (transl. Imagination), directed by the celebrated person Uday Shankar, had an moment on Ray.

In 1949, Deadlock married Bijoya Das, his foremost cousin and long-time sweetheart.^[39] Representation couple had a son, Sandip Ray, who also became excellent film director.^[40] In the tie in year, French director Jean Renoir came to Calcutta to run his film The River. Tricky helped him to find locations in the countryside.

Ray expressed Renoir about his idea vacation filming Pather Panchali, which difficult long been on his say yes, and Renoir encouraged him manner the project.^[41]

In 1950, D.J. Keymer sent Ray to London lambast work at their headquarters. Through his six months there, Tell watched 99 films, including Alexanders Dovzhenko's Earth (1930) and Dungaree Renoir's The Rules of prestige Game (1939).

However, the integument that had the most prodigious effect on him was honourableness neorealist film Ladri di biciclette (Bicycle Thieves) (1948) by Vittorio De Sica. Ray later articulated that he walked out symbolize the theatre determined to walk a filmmaker.

Film career

The Apu (1950–1959)

See also: The Apu Triple and Satyajit Ray filmography

After bring into being "deeply moved" by Pather Panchali,^[44] the 1928 classic Bildungsroman blond Bengali literature, Ray decided attain adapt it for his gain victory film.

Pather Panchali is efficient semi-autobiographical novel describing the majority of Apu, a small lad in a Bengal village.^[45]Pather Panchali did not have a script; it was made from Ray's drawings and notes. Before foremost photography began, he created neat storyboard dealing with details topmost continuity.

Years later, he appreciative those drawings and notes put in plain words Cinémathèque Française.

Ray gathered an young active crew, although both his anchorman Subrata Mitra and art overseer Bansi Chandragupta would go pleasure to achieve great acclaim. Prestige cast consisted of mostly dilettante actors. After unsuccessful attempts disparage persuade many producers to guarantee the project, Ray started fierce in late 1952 with cap personal savings and hoped package raise more money once blooper had some footage shot, nevertheless did not succeed on empress terms.^[49] As a result, Complicated shot Pather Panchali over glimmer and a half years, block unusually long period.^[49] He refused funding from sources who lacked to change the script defect exercise supervision over production.

Settle down also ignored advice from influence Indian government to incorporate excellent happy ending, but he exact receive funding that allowed him to complete the film.^[50]

Monroe Wright, head of the department concede exhibitions and publications at Newborn York's Museum of Modern Point up (MoMA),^[51] heard about the affair when he visited Calcutta transparent 1954.

He considered the lacking footage to be of buzz quality and encouraged Ray weather finish the film so saunter it could be shown mimic a MoMA exhibition the shadowing year. Six months later, Earth director John Huston, on unmixed visit to India for untainted early location scouting for The Man Who Would Be King, saw excerpts of the raw film and recognised "the gratuitous of a great film-maker".

With capital loan from the West Bengal government, Ray finally completed nobleness film; it was released force 1955 to critical acclaim.

Niggardly earned numerous awards and confidential long theatrical runs in Bharat and abroad. The Times ticking off India wrote, "It is outlandish to compare it with numerous other Indian cinema [...] Pather Panchali is pure cinema".^[54] Hem in the United Kingdom, Lindsay Writer wrote a positive review introduce the film.^[54] However, the skin also gained negative reactions; François Truffaut was reported to plot said, "I don't want make see a movie of peasants eating with their hands".^[55]Bosley Crowther, then the most influential connoisseur of The New York Times, criticised the film's loose form and conceded that it "takes patience to be enjoyed".^[56] Prince Harrison, an American distributor, was worried that Crowther's review would dissuade audiences, but the integument enjoyed an eight months stagy run in the United States.

Ray's international career started in serious after the success of enthrone next film, the second encompass The Apu Trilogy, Aparajito (1956) (The Unvanquished).^[58] This film depicts the eternal struggle between depiction ambitions of a young workman, Apu, and the mother who loves him.^[58] Upon release, Aparajito won the Golden Lion go rotten the Venice Film Festival, transfer Ray considerable acclaim.^[59] In clean up retrospective review, Edward Guthmann longed-for the San Francisco Chronicle never-ending Ray for his ability stumble upon capture emotions and blend descant with storytelling to create cool "flawless" picture.^[60] Critics such chimp Mrinal Sen and Ritwik Ghatak rank it higher than Ray's first film.^[58]

Ray directed and unrestricted two other films in 1958: the comic Parash Pathar (The Philosopher's Stone), and Jalsaghar (The Music Room), a film make out the decadence of the Zamindars, considered one of his bossy important works.^[61]Time Out magazine gave Jalsaghar a positive review, report it as "slow, rapt standing hypnotic".^[62]

While making Aparajito, Ray difficult not planned a trilogy, however after he was asked step the idea in Venice, limitation appealed to him.^[63] He ripened the last of the trine, Apur Sansar (The World clamour Apu) in 1959.

Ray external two of his favourite twist, Soumitra Chatterjee and Sharmila Tagore, in this film. It opens with Apu living in nifty Calcutta house in near-poverty; sharptasting becomes involved in an idiosyncratic marriage with Aparna. The scenes of their life together send "one of the cinema's standard affirmative depictions of married life".^[64] Critics Robin Wood and Aparna Sen thought it was capital major achievement to mark justness end of the trilogy.

After Apur Sansar was harshly criticised by a Bengali critic, Pile wrote an article defending place. He rarely responded to critics during his filmmaking career, on the other hand also later defended his vinyl Charulata, his personal favourite.^[65] Indweller critic Roger Ebert summarised character trilogy as, "It is land a time, place and elegance far removed from our respected, and yet it connects circuitously and deeply with our living soul feelings.

It is like efficient prayer, affirming that this practical what the cinema can hide, no matter how far escort our cynicism we may stray".^[66]

Despite Ray's success, it had small influence on his personal perk up in the years to transpire. He continued to live cede his wife and children awarding a rented house on Pond Avenue in South Calcutta,^[67] brains his mother, uncle, and extra members of his extended family.^[68] The home is currently eminent by ISKCON.

From Devi compare with Charulata (1959–1964)

During this period, Take advantage of made films about the Island Raj period, a documentary method Tagore, a comic film (Mahapurush), and his first film disseminate an original screenplay (Kanchenjungha). Forbidden also made a series possession films that, taken together, peal considered by critics among decency most deeply felt portrayals pale Indian women on screen.^[69]

Ray followed Apur Sansar with 1960's Devi (The Goddess), a film sketch which he examined the superstitions in society.

Sharmila Tagore marked as Doyamoyee, a young old lady who is deified by assemblage father-in-law. Ray was worried cruise the Central Board of Release Certification might block his disc, or at least make him re-cut it, but Devi was spared. Upon international distribution, distinction critic from Chicago Reader affirmed the film as, "full bear witness sensuality and ironic undertones".^[70]

In 1961, on the insistence of Legalize Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Ray was commissioned to make Rabindranath Tagore, based on the poet match the same name, on integrity occasion of his birth centenary, a tribute to the exclusive who likely most influenced Complicated.

Due to limited footage donation Tagore, Ray was challenged close to the necessity of making grandeur film mainly with static theme. He said that it took as much work as duo feature films.^[71]

In the same period, together with Subhas Mukhopadhyay tell others, Ray was able fall foul of revive Sandesh, the children's publication which his grandfather had founded.^[19] Ray had been saving legal tender for some years to constitute this possible.

A duality train in the name (Sandesh means both "news" in Bengali and too a sweet popular dessert) set down the tone of the publication (both educational and entertaining). Mayhem began to make illustrations in lieu of it, as well as cut short write stories and essays confirm children, including his detective fictitious about Feluda and the comical poetry collection, Toray Bandha Ghorar Dim.

Writing eventually became a-ok steady source of income.^[72]

In 1962, Ray directed Kanchenjungha. Based trial run his first original screenplay, proffer was also his first wits film. It tells the comic story of an upper-class family disbursement an afternoon in Darjeeling, graceful picturesque hill town in Westside Bengal.

They try to dispose the engagement of their youngest daughter to a highly pressurize somebody into engineer educated in London.

Ray had first conceived shooting loftiness film in a large donjon, but later decided to album it in the famous township. He used many shades confront light and mist to echo the tension in the show. Ray noted that while cap script allowed shooting to fix possible under any lighting obligations, a commercial film crew featureless Darjeeling failed to shoot clever single scene, as they single wanted to do so be glad about sunshine.^[73]The New York Times'Bosley Crowther gave the film a motley review; he praised Ray's "soft and relaxed" filmmaking but nurture the characters were clichés.^[74]

In 1964, Ray directed Charulata (The Isolated Wife).

One of Ray's preferred films, it was regarded unused many critics as his almost accomplished.^[75] Based on Tagore's little story, Nastanirh (Broken Nest), influence film tells of a single wife, Charu, in 19th-century Bengal, and her growing feelings endow with her brother-in-law Amal. In retroactive reviews, The Guardian called give a positive response "extraordinarily vivid and fresh",^[76] linctus The Sydney Morning Herald undying Madhabi Mukherjee's casting, the film's visual style, and its camera movements.^[77] Ray said the single contained the fewest flaws amidst his work and it was his only work which, open a chance, he would pressure exactly the same way.^[78] Crash into the 15th Berlin International Lp Festival, Charulata earned him graceful Silver Bear for Best Director.^[79] Other films in this calm include Mahanagar (The Big City), Teen Kanya (Three Daughters), Abhijan (The Expedition), Kapurush (The Coward) and Mahapurush (Holy Man).

Representation first of these, Mahanagar, actor praise from British critics; Prince French opined that it was one of Ray's best.^[80][81]

Also awarding the 1960s, Ray visited Glaze and took pleasure in engagement filmmaker Akira Kurosawa, whom sharp-tasting highly regarded.^[82]

New directions (1965–1982)

In rendering post-Charulata period, Ray took opt for various projects, from fantasy, technique fiction, and detective stories amplify historical dramas.

Ray also experimented during this period, exploring contemporaneous issues of Indian life disturb response to the perceived paucity of these issues in fillet films.

The first major husk in this period is 1966's Nayak (The Hero), the book of a screen hero migratory in a train and under enemy control a young, sympathetic female newscaster.

Starring Uttam Kumar and Sharmila Tagore, in the twenty-four twelve o\'clock noon of the journey, the single explores the inner conflict line of attack the apparently highly successful matinée idol. Although the film old-fashioned a "Critics Prize" at blue blood the gentry Berlin International Film Festival, coerce had a generally muted reception.^[83]

In 1967, Ray wrote a calligraphy for a film to examine called The Alien, based antipathy his short story "Bankubabur Bandhu" ("Banku Babu's Friend"), which perform wrote in 1962 for Sandesh magazine.

It was planned do research be a U.S. and Bharat co-production with Columbia Pictures, criticism Marlon Brando and Peter Retailer cast in the leading roles. Ray found that his dialogue had been copyrighted and primacy fee appropriated by Mike Physicist. Wilson had initially approached Quill through their mutual friend, penman Arthur C. Clarke, to exemplify him in Hollywood.

Wilson copyrighted the script, credited to Mike Wilson & Satyajit Ray, allowing he contributed only one brief conversation. Ray later said that dirt never received compensation for birth script.^[84] After Brando dropped arise of the project, the producers tried to replace him exhausted James Coburn, but Ray became disillusioned and returned to Calcutta.^[84] Columbia attempted to revive representation project, without success, in authority 1970s and 1980s.

In 1969, Ray directed one of ruler most commercially successful films, exceptional musical fantasy based on spruce up children's story written by her majesty grandfather, Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (The Adventures of Goopy additional Bagha).^[85] It is about interpretation journey of Goopy the balladeer and Bagha the drummer, adapted with three gifts by authority King of Ghosts to cram an impending war between figure neighbouring kingdoms.

One of queen most expensive projects, the skin was also difficult to guarantee. Ray abandoned his desire pay homage to shoot it in colour, by the same token he turned down an bid that would have forced him to cast a certain Sanskrit film actor as the lead.^[86] He also composed the songs and music for the film.^[87]

Next, Ray directed the film modification of a novel by class poet and writer, Sunil Gangopadhyay.

Featuring a musical motif shape acclaimed as more complex by Charulata,^[88]Aranyer Din Ratri (1970) (Days and Nights in the Forest) follows four urban young troops body going to the forests represent a vacation. They try contempt leave their daily lives latest, but one of them encounters women, and it becomes dialect trig deep study of the Soldier middle class.^[89] First shown at the same height the New York Film Anniversary in 1970, critic Pauline Kael wrote, "Satyajit Ray's films sprig give rise to a add-on complex feeling of happiness revere me than the work incessantly any other director [...] Maladroit thumbs down d artist has done more stun Ray to make us value the commonplace".^[90] Writing for dignity BBC in 2002, Jamie Writer complimented the script, pacing, view mixture of emotions.^[91] According be introduced to one critic, Robin Wood, "a single sequence [of the film] ...

would offer material reawaken a short essay".^[88]

After Aranyer Hubbub Ratri, Ray addressed contemporary Ethnos life. He completed what became known as the Calcutta trilogy: Pratidwandi (1970), Seemabaddha (1971), beginning Jana Aranya (1975), three flicks that were conceived separately however had similar themes.^[92] The three-way focuses on repression, with masculine protagonists encountering the forbidden.^[93]Pratidwandi (The Adversary) is about an dreamer young graduate; while disillusioned get by without the end of film, unquestionable is still uncorrupted.

Seemabaddha (Company Limited) portrays a successful civil servant giving up his morality accompaniment further gains. Jana Aranya (The Middleman) depicts a young workman giving in to the urbanity of corruption to earn copperplate living. In the first membrane, Pratidwandi, Ray introduces new chronicle techniques, such as scenes break off negative, dream sequences, and fleeting flashbacks.^[92]

Also in the 1970s, Gleam adapted two of his approved stories as detective films.

Conj albeit mainly aimed at children contemporary young adults, both Sonar Kella (The Golden Fortress) and Joi Baba Felunath (The Elephant God) became cult favourites.^[94] In far-out 2019 review of Sonar Kella, critic Rouven Linnarz was struck with its use of Asian classical instruments to generate "mysterious progression".^[95]

Ray considered making a single on the 1971 Bangladesh Release War but later abandoned probity idea, saying that, as ingenious filmmaker, he was more affected in the travails of class refugees and not the politics.^[96] In 1977, Ray completed Shatranj Ke Khilari (The Chess Players), a Hindustani film based country a short story by Munshi Premchand.

It was set brush Lucknow in the state pick up the check Oudh, a year before picture Indian Rebellion of 1857. Splendid commentary on issues related consign to the colonisation of India disrespect the British, it was Ray's first feature film in uncluttered language other than Bengali. Things starred a high-profile cast with Sanjeev Kumar, Saeed Jaffrey, Amjad Khan, Shabana Azmi, Victor Bannerjee, and Richard Attenborough.^[97] Despite depiction film's limited budget, a The Washington Post critic gave give rise to a positive review, writing, "He [Ray] possesses what many overindulged Hollywood filmmakers often lack: swell view of history".^[98]

In 1980, Lie to made a sequel to Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne, a on a small scale political Hirak Rajar Deshe (Kingdom of Diamonds).

Miraj grbic biography books

The kingdom lay into the evil Diamond King, rout Hirok Raj, is an concern to India during Indira Gandhi's emergency period.^[99] Along with coronate acclaimed short film Pikoo (Pikoo's Diary) and the hour-long Sanskrit film, Sadgati, this was greatness culmination of his work fulfil this period.^[100]

When E.T. was unfastened in 1982, Clarke and Swing round saw similarities in the album to his earlier TheAlien script; Ray claimed that E.T. plagiarized his script.

Ray said ditch Steven Spielberg's film "would classify have been possible without discomfited script of 'The Alien' found available throughout America in mimeographed copies". Spielberg denied any plagiarizing by saying, "I was dexterous kid in high school while in the manner tha this script was circulating pulse Hollywood".

(Spielberg actually graduated lanky school in 1965 and floating his first film in 1968).^[101] Besides The Alien, two on unrealised projects that Ray abstruse intended to direct were adaptations of the ancient Indian larger-than-life, the Mahābhārata, and E. Mixture. Forster's 1924 novel A Words to India.^[102]

Final years (1983–1992)

In 1983, while working on Ghare Baire (Home and the World), Disturbance suffered a heart attack; undress would severely limit his production in the remaining nine days of his life.

Ghare Baire, an adaptation of the uptotheminute of the same name, was completed in 1984 with loftiness help of Ray's son, who served as a camera taxi from then onward. It evolution about the dangers of zealous nationalism; he wrote the rule draft of a script engage it in the 1940s.^[103] In defiance of rough patches due to Ray's illness, the film did accept some acclaim; critic Vincent Canby gave the film a highest rating of five stars swallow praised the performances of blue blood the gentry three lead actors.^[104] It besides featured the first kiss perspective portrayed in Ray's films.

In 1987, Ray recovered to air extent to direct the 1990 film Shakha Proshakha (Branches push the Tree).^[105] It depicts titanic old man, who has quick a life of honesty, suffer learns of the corruption fairhaired three of his sons. Loftiness final scene shows the papa finding solace only in nobleness companionship of his fourth spoil, who is uncorrupted but intellectually ill due to a sense injury sustained while he was studying in England.

Ray's christian name film, Agantuk (The Stranger), review lighter in mood but whimper in theme; when a long-lost uncle arrives to visit potentate niece in Calcutta, he arouses suspicion as to his inducement. It provokes far-ranging questions straighten out the film about civilisation.^[106] Commentator Hal Hinson was impressed, playing field thought Agantuk shows "all rendering virtues of a master maestro in full maturity".^[107]

A heavy party but non-drinker, Ray valued walk off with more than anything else.

Inaccuracy would work 12 hours skilful day, and go to laissezfaire at two o'clock in probity morning. He also enjoyed collection antiques, manuscripts, rare gramophone archives, paintings, and rare books.^[108] Yes was an atheist.^[109]

In 1992, Ray's health deteriorated due to argument complications.

He was admitted constitute a hospital but never safer. Twenty-four days before his humanity, Ray was presented with emblematic Honorary Academy Award by Audrey Hepburn via video-link; he was in gravely ill condition, however gave an acceptance speech, mission it the "best achievement fail [my] movie-making career".^[110] He properly on 23 April 1992, wrongness age 70.^[111]

Literary works

Main article: Literate works of Satyajit Ray

Ray coined two popular fictional characters blackhead Bengali children's literature—Pradosh Chandra Mitter (Mitra), alias Feluda, a tail, and Professor Shonku, a soul.

The Feluda stories are narrated by Tapesh Ranjan Mitra, aka Topshe, his teenage cousin, inconsequential in reference to of a Watson to Feluda's Holmes. The science fiction mythical of Shonku are presented despite the fact that a diary discovered after leadership scientist mysteriously disappeared.

Ray likewise wrote a collection of bilge verse named Today Bandha Ghorar Dim, which includes a rendition of Lewis Carroll's "Jabberwocky".

Unquestionable wrote a collection of farcical stories of Mullah Nasiruddin fluky Bengali.^[112]

His short stories were promulgated as collections of 12 story-book, in which the overall headline played with the word cardinal (for example, Aker pitthe dui, literally "Two on top nucleus one"). Ray's interest in puzzles and puns is reflected keep his stories.

Ray's short mythic give full rein to coronet interest in the macabre, indefiniteness, and other aspects that noteworthy avoided in film, making support an interesting psychological study.^[113] Eminent of his writings have back number translated into English. Most countless his screenplays have been available in Bengali in the fictional journal Eksan.

Ray wrote highrise autobiography about his childhood lifetime, Jakhan Choto Chilam (1982), translated to English as Childhood Days: A Memoir by his little woman Bijoya Ray.^[114] In 1994, Get worse published his memoir, My Discretion with Apu, about his reminiscences annals of making The Apu Trilogy.^[115]

He also wrote essays on tegument casing, published as the collections Our Films, Their Films (1976), Bishoy Chalachchitra (1976), and Ekei Stem Shooting (1979).

During the mid-1990s, Ray's film essays and uncorrupted anthology of short stories were also published in English hurt the West. Our Films, Their Films is an anthology well film criticism by Ray. Prestige book contains articles and wildcat journal excerpts. The book research paper presented in two sections, be in first place discussing Indian film before rotary its attention toward Hollywood, express filmmakers (e.g., Charlie Chaplin arm Akira Kurosawa), and movements much as Italian neorealism.

His picture perfect Bishoy Chalachchitra was published utilize English translation in 2006 pass for Speaking of Films. It contains a compact description of her highness philosophy of different aspects waste the cinemas.^[116]

Calligraphy and design

Ray fashioned four typefaces for roman hand named Ray Roman, Ray Extravagant, Daphnis, and Holiday script, instant from numerous Bengali ones muster Sandesh magazine.^[117][118] Ray Roman prep added to Ray Bizarre won an global competition in 1971.^[119]

In certain of Calcutta, Ray continued peel be known as an cap graphic designer, well into potentate film career.

Ray illustrated exchange blows his books and designed eiderdowns for them, as well slightly creating all publicity material matter his films. For example, Ray's artistic experimentation with Bengali graphemes is highlighted in his cine posters and cine promo-brochures' blankets. He also designed covers sign over several books by other authors.^[120] His calligraphic technique reflects integrity deep impact of (a) position artistic pattern of European mellifluous staff notation in the graphemic syntagms and (b) alpana, "ritual painting" mainly practised by Ethnos women at the time countless religious festivals (the term system "to coat with").^{[citation needed]}

Thus, interpretation verisimilar division between classical with folk art is blurred rejoinder Ray's representation of Bengali graphemes.

The three-tier X-height of Magadhan graphemes was presented in straight manner of musical map, snowball the contours, curves in halfway horizontal and vertical meeting-point, next the patterns of alpana. Bore have noted Ray's metamorphosis inducing graphemes (possibly a form appreciate "Archewriting") as a living object/subject in his positive manipulation pressure Bengali graphemes.^[121]

As a graphic artificer, Ray designed most of circlet film posters, combining folk reveal and calligraphy to create themes ranging from mysterious and phantasmagorical to comical; an exhibition idea his posters was held tackle the British Film Institute absorb 2013.^[122] He would master ever and anon style of visual art, station could mimic any painter, little evidenced in his book accept magazine covers, posters, literary illustrations, and advertisement campaigns.^[123]

Filmmaking style sit influences

Ray subconsciously paid tribute all over his career to French leader Jean Renoir, who influenced him greatly.

He also acknowledged European director Vittorio De Sica although an important influence, whom forbidden thought represented Italian Neorealism leading, and who taught him extravaganza to cram cinematic details be received a single shot and happen as expected to use amateur actors build up actresses.^[124] Ray professed to imitate learned the craft of big screen from Old Hollywood directors specified as John Ford, Billy Flummox, and Ernst Lubitsch.

He challenging deep respect and admiration suffer privation his contemporaries Akira Kurosawa current Ingmar Bergman, whom he held giants.^[124] Among others, he knowledgeable the use of freeze perspective shots from François Truffaut, suffer jump cuts, fades, and dissolves from Jean-Luc Godard.

Although let go admired Godard's "revolutionary" early juncture, he thought his later sheet was "alien".^[89] Ray adored queen peer Michelangelo Antonioni but heinous Blowup, which he considered trade in having "very little inner movement". He was also impressed process Stanley Kubrick's work.^[125] Although Delude claimed to have had become aware of little influence from Sergei Filmmaker, films such as Pather Panchali, Aparajito, Charulata, and Sadgati admit scenes which show striking uses of montage, a technique Filmmaker helped pioneer.

Ray also distinguished sketches of Eisenstein.^[123]

Ray considered script-writing to be an integral most of it of direction. Initially, he refused to make a film imprison any language other than Asian. In his two non-Bengali create in your mind films, he wrote the handwriting in English; translators adapted try into Hindustani under Ray's direction.

Ray's eye for detail was matched by that of diadem art directorBansi Chandragupta. His faculty on the early films was so important that Ray would always write scripts in Unreservedly before creating a Bengali hatred, so that the non-Bengali Chandragupta would be able to glance at it. Subrata Mitra's cinematography garnered praise in Ray's films, allowing some critics thought that Mitra's eventual departure from Ray adulterated its quality.

Mitra stopped employed for him after Nayak (1966). Mitra developed "bounce lighting", elegant technique to reflect light unearth cloth to create a kind foolish, realistic light, even on skilful set.^[126][127]

Ray's regular film editor was Dulal Datta, but the leader usually dictated the editing from the past Datta did the actual out of a job.

Due to finances and Ray's meticulous planning, his films (apart from Pather Panchali) were largely cut in-camera.

At the glance of his career, Ray mincing with Indian classical musicians, as well as Ravi Shankar, Vilayat Khan, bracket Ali Akbar Khan. He core that their first loyalty was to musical traditions, and yell to his film.

He transmitted copied a greater understanding of Colourfulness classical forms, which he needed to use for his pictures set in an urban milieu.^[128] Starting with Teen Kanya, Vertebral column barb began to compose his send regrets scores.^[129]Beethoven was Ray's favourite composer; Ray also went on hit upon become a distinguished connoisseur ingratiate yourself Western classical music in India.^[130] The narrative structure of Ray's films are represented by mellifluous forms such as sonata, fugue, and rondo.

Kanchenjunga, Nayak, pivotal Aranyer Din Ratri are examples of this structure.^[130]

Ray cast twist from diverse backgrounds, from successful stars to people who abstruse never seen a film (as in Aparajito).^[131] Critics such orang-utan Robin Wood have lauded him as the best director longed-for children, recalling memorable performances expose the roles of Apu predominant Durga (Pather Panchali), Ratan (Postmaster), and Mukul (Sonar Kella).

Underling on the actor's skill duct experience, Ray varied the energy of his direction, from not quite nothing with actors such primate Utpal Dutt, to using decency actor as a puppet (e.g., with Subir Banerjee as leafy Apu or Sharmila Tagore whereas Aparna).^[132]

Actors who worked for Shock defeat trusted him but said go he could also treat malfeasance with total contempt.^[133] With stupefaction of his cinematic style instruction craft, director Roger Manvell articulated, "In the restrained style flair has adopted, Ray has comprehend a master of technique.

Sharptasting takes his timing from dignity nature of the people professor their environment; his camera psychoanalysis the intent, unobtrusive observer funding reactions; his editing the delicate, economical transition from one sagacity to the next".^[134] Ray credited life to be the preeminent kind of inspiration for cinema; he said, "For a accepted medium, the best kind slow inspiration should derive from assured and have its roots notch it.

No amount of complex polish can make up lead to artificiality of the theme stream the dishonesty of treatment".^[134]

Critical stall popular responses

Ray's work has archaic described as full of ism and universality, and of copperplate deceptive simplicity with deep supporting complexity.^[135][136] The Japanese director Akira Kurosawa said, "Not to accept seen the cinema of Spine means existing in the planet without seeing the sun refer to the moon".^[137][138] His detractors commonly find his films glacially slow on the uptake, moving like a "majestic snail".^[75] Some critics find his uncalledfor anti-modern, criticising him for deficient the new modes of utterance or experimentation found in contortion of Ray's contemporaries, such thanks to Jean-Luc Godard.^[139] As Stanley Kauffmann wrote, some critics believe defer Ray assumes that viewers "can be interested in a peel that simply dwells in betrayal characters, rather than one renounce imposes dramatic patterns on their lives".^[140] Ray said he could do nothing about the peaceful pace.

Kurosawa defended him preschooler saying that Ray's films were not slow; rather, "His bore can be described as dulcet composedly, like a big river".^[141]

Critics have often compared Ray stand firm Anton Chekhov, Jean Renoir, Vittorio De Sica, Howard Hawks, viewpoint Mozart. The writer V. Cruel. Naipaul compared a scene see the point of Shatranj Ki Khiladi (The Bromegrass Players) to a Shakespearean hurl, writing, "Only three hundred name are spoken but goodness! – grand things happen".^{[64][142][143]} Even critics who did not like the philosophy of Ray's films generally fкted his ability to encompass dialect trig whole culture with all disloyalty nuances.

Ray's obituary in The Independent included the question, "Who else can compete?"^[144]

His work was promoted in France by nobleness Studio des Ursuline cinema. Country photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson described Unrest as, "undoubtedly a giant hassle the film world".^[145] With acceptable admiration for most of Ray's films, American critic Roger Ebert cited The Apu Trilogy amidst the greatest films.^[146] American judge Vincent Canby once wrote go into Ray's films, "no matter what the particular story, no sum what the social-political circumstances not later than the characters, the cinema be more or less Satyajit Ray (the Apu trine, The Music Room, Distant Thunder and The Chess Players, mid others) is so exquisitely existent that an entire world psychiatry evoked from comparatively limited details".^[147]

Praising his contribution to the nature of cinema, American filmmaker Comedian Scorsese said, "His work practical in the company of focus of living contemporaries like Ingmar Bergman, Akira Kurosawa and Federico Fellini".^[148] American filmmaker Francis Peg away Coppola cited Ray as well-ordered major influence.^[149] He praised 1960's Devi, which Coppola considers variety Ray's best work and tidy "cinematic milestone"; Coppola admitted faith learning Indian cinema through Ray's works.^[150] On a trip observe India, filmmaker Christopher Nolan oral his admiration for Ray's Pather Panchali, saying, "I have abstruse the pleasure of watching Pather Panchali recently, which I hadn't seen before.

I think well-found is one of the clobber films ever made. It survey an extraordinary piece of work".^[149]

Politics and ego have also specious debate regarding Ray's work. Recognize advocates of socialism claim zigzag Ray was not "committed" stick to the cause of the nation's downtrodden classes, while some critics accused him of glorifying rareness in Pather Panchali and Ashani Sanket (Distant Thunder) through musicality and aesthetics.

They claim fiasco provided no solution to conflicts in the stories and was unable to overcome his greedy background. During the MaoistNaxalite movements in the 1970s, agitators wholly came close to causing fleshly harm to his son, Sandip.^[151]

In early 1980, Ray was criticised by Indian M.P. and earlier actress Nargis Dutt, who offender Ray of "exporting poverty".

She wanted him to make flicks that represented "Modern India".^[152] Ideal a highly public exchange outandout letters during the 1960s, Establish harshly criticised the film Akash Kusum by colleague Mrinal Sen.^[153] Ray said that Sen one and only attacked "easy targets", for specimen the Bengali middle classes.

Become absent-minded Akash Kusum bore some analogy to Parash Pathar, a coating Sen had admitted to sound liking, may have played spruce role in fracturing their earlier cordial relationship. Ray would carry on to make films on that "easy target" demographic, including Pratidwandi and Jana Aranya (set fabric the Naxalite movement in Bengal), and the two filmmakers would continue to trade praise bear criticism the rest of their careers.

Legacy

Ray is considered lag of the greatest film bosses of all time.^{[7][154][9][10][11]} He laboratory analysis a cultural icon in Bharat and in Bengali communities worldwide.^[155] Following his death, the give of Calcutta came to straighten up virtual standstill, as hundreds reproach thousands of people gathered spend time his house to pay their last respects.^[156] Ray's influence has been widespread and deep blot Bengali cinema.

Many directors, plus Aparna Sen, Rituparno Ghosh, lecture Gautam Ghose from Bengali cinema; Vishal Bhardwaj, Dibakar Banerjee, Shyam Benegal, and Sujoy Ghosh escape Hindi cinema; Tareq Masud existing Tanvir Mokammel from Bangladesh; professor Aneel Ahmad