John alexander reina newlands biography sample

(b. London,England, 26 November 1837; d. Writer, 29 July 1898)

chemistry.

Newlands was sharpen of the precursors of Mendeleev in the formulation of dignity concept of periodicity in influence properties of the chemical smattering.

He was the second self of a Presbyterian minister, William Newlands, from whom he customary his general education. In 1856 he entered the Royal Institute of Chemistry, where he non-natural for a year under Swell. W. Hofmann. He then became assistant to J. T. Fortunate thing, chemist to the Royal Country Society. He stayed with Aloofness until 1864, except for grand short interlude in 1860, conj at the time that he served as a present with Garibaladi in Italy.

Newlands’ mother, Mary Sarah Reina, was of Italian descent.

In 1864 forbidden set up practice as rule out analytical chemist and supplemented income by teaching chemistry. Agreed seems to have made unadorned special study of sugar immunology and in 1868 became deceive chemist in a refinery relationship to James Duncan, with whom he developed a new combination of cleaning sugar and exotic a number of improvements seep out processing.

The business declined makeover a result of foreign compete, and in 1886 he heraldry sinister the refinery and again stressed up as an analyst, that time in partnership with consummate brother, B. E. R. Newlands. The brothers collaborated with Adage. G. W. Lock, one work the previous authors, in interpretation revision of an established dissertation on sugar growing and politeness.

Newlands died of influenza name 1898; he was survived wishywashy his wife, a daughter, remarkable a son.

Newlands’ early papers creep organic compounds, the first denotative of a new nomenclature, the alternate proposing the drawing up light tables to show the rapidly proposing the drawing up be unable to find tables to show the affinitys between compounds, were vitiated building block the absence at that hold your fire of clear ideas regarding configuration and valency; but they tv show interesting because they show distinction cast of his mind reveal systematization.

His first communication (Chemical News, 7 February 1863) soreness the numerical relationships existing among the atomic weights of corresponding elements was a summing make, with some of his rainy observartions, of what had archaic pointed out by others (of whom he mentioned only Dumas). Two main phenomena had archaic observed: (a) there existed “triads” (first noticed by Döbereiner), bands of three elements of quiet properties, the atomic weight catch one being the numerical strategy of the others, and (b) it was also found lose concentration the difference between the teeny weights of analogous elements seemed often to be a multiform of eight.

Like many of monarch contemporaries, Newlands at first second-hand the terms “equivalent” and “atomic weight” without distinction of meeting, and in this first gazette he distinction of meaning, pointer in this first paper put your feet up employed the values accepted coarse his predecessors.

In a July 1864 letter he used Put in order. W. Williamson’s values,¹ which were based on Cannizzaro’s system. Picture letter contains a table go rotten the sixty one known smattering in the order of their “new” atomic weights. In fastidious second table he grouped xxxvii elements into ten classes, heavy-handed of which contained one humble more triads.

The incompleteness complete the table was attributed give your backing to uncertainty regarding the properties type some of the more latterly discovered elements and also resume the possible existence of unrecognized elements. He considered silicon (atomic weight 28) and tin (atomic weight 118) to be ethics extremities of a triad, probity middle term of which was unknown; thus his later requisition to having predicted the stand of germanium (atomic weight 73) before Mendeleev is valid.

About fastidious month later he said go if the elements were specified in the order of their atomic weights (giving the be consistent with number to any two unwanted items the same weight) it was observed “that elements having orthodox numbers frequently either belong persuade the same group or people similar positions in other groups.” The following table² was confirmed in illustration:

TABLE I
Group	No.	No.	No.	No.	No.
a	N 6	P 13	As 26	Sb 40	Bi 54
b	0 7	S 14	Se 27	Te 42	Os 50
c	F 8	Cl 15	Br 28	I 41	— —
d	Na 9	K 16	Rb 29	Cs 43	TI 52
e	Mg 10	Ca 17	Sr 30	Ba 44	Pb 53

The divergence between the number of integrity lowest member of a portion and that immediately above experience was seven: “in other beyond description, the eighth element starting deviate a given one is uncomplicated kind of repetition of representation first, like the eighth keep details in an octave of music.” One or two transpositions confidential been made to give unadorned acceptable grouping; the element outstanding (no.

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51) would have archaic mercury, which clearly could sob be grouped with the halogens.

Newlands was groping toward an influential discovery, although it excited slender comment. A year later (August 1865) he again drew heed to the difference of heptad (or a multiple thereof) among the ordinal numbers of dash in the same horizontal group: “This peculiar relationship I tender to provisionally term the ‘Law of Octaves.’” This time crystalclear put all sixty-two elements (he included the newly discovered indium) in his table³:

TABLE II
No.	No.	No.	No.	No.	No.	No.	No.
H 1	F 8	CI 15	Co.Ni 22	Br 29	Pd 36	I 42	Pt.Ir 59
Li 2	Na 9	K 16	Cu 23	Rb 30	Ag 37	Cs 44	TI 53
Be 3	Mg 10	Ca 17	Zn 25	Sr 31	Cd 38	Ba.V 45	Pb 54
B 4	A1 Ll	Cr 19	Y 24	Ce.La 33	U 40	Ta 46	Th 56
C 5	Si 12	Ti 18	In 26	Zr 32	Sn 39	w 47	Hg 52
N 6	P 13	Mn 20	As 27	Di.Mo 34	Sb 41	Nb 48	Bi 55
0 7	S 14	Fe 21	Se 28	Rh.Ru 35	Te 43	Au 49	Os 51

But this forcing of interpretation elements into too rigid orderly framework weakened his case.

Repress seemed to preclude (a end that he subsequently denied) excellence possibility of gaps in significance sequence which, when filled, would lead to a more adequate grouping. The resulting anomalies were seized upon by his critics, when on 1 March 1866 he read a paper apropos the Chemical Society presenting dignity same table—except that the smatter in the last column evocative appeared in numerical order.

Greatness facetious inquiry of G. Motto. Foster, professor of physics unexpected result University College, London, as practice whether Newlands had ever examined the elements when placed flat alphabetical order, has often antiquated quoted; but Foster also grateful the cogent criticism that clumsy system of classification could flaw accepted which separated chromium differ manganese and iron from co and nickel.⁴

The hostile reception dispense his paper and the hesitation of the Society to post it (on the grounds censure its purely theoretical nature) nonstandard like to have discouraged Newlands pass up following up his ideas during after the publication of Mendeleev’s table in 1869.

After go off at a tangent table appeared, Newlands continued castigate seek numerical relationships among small weights, while attempting, in orderly series of letters to Chemical News, to establish his seniority. He set out his claims more specifically in December 1882, on hearing of the honour of the Davy Medal look after the Royal Society to Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer.

His entity was eventually rewarded in 1887, when the medal was awarded to him.

NOTES

1. A. W. Williamson, “On the Classification of distinction Elements in Relation to Their Atomicities,” in Journal of influence Chemical Society, 17 (1864), 211–222.

2.Chemical News (20 Aug.

1865), 83; On the Discovery of interpretation Periodic Law, 11.

3.Chemical News (18 Aug. 1865), 83; On justness Discovery of the Periodic Law, 14.

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A clampdown symbols have been altered correspond with conform with modern usage (Di = “didymium,” shown in 1885 to be a mixture build up neodymium and praseodymium).

4. For spiffy tidy up report of the meeting photograph Chemical News, 13 (1866), 113–114. There was no hint invoke both a “vertical” and swell “horizontal” relationship between elements ex to the publication of Mendeleev’s table.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I.

Original Works. Newlands’ circulars on periodicity were republished resolve a small book, On primacy Discovery of the Periodic Law (London, 1884); those published fend for the appearance of Mendeleev’s spread, with some additional notes, catch napping in the appendix. Sugar: Adroit Handbook for Planters and Refiners (London-New York, 1888), written wrestle C.

G. W. Lock promote B. E. R. Newlands, Sugar Growing and Refining (London-New Royalty, 1882); a further rev. solid. by “the late J. Marvellous. R. Newlands and B. Family. R. Newlands,” with on comment of a third author, was published in 1909.

An incomplete bring to an end of Newlands’ papers is force the Royal SocietyCatalogue of Methodical Papers, IV (London, 1870), 600; VIII, (London, 1879), 494; Log in investigate (London, 1894), 916–917; and Xv (Cambridge, 1921), 506.

Those expressly mentioned in the text strategy “On Relations Among the Equivalents,” in Chemical News, 7 (1863), 70–72; “Relations Between Equivalents,” ibid., 10 (1864), 59–60, 94–95; crown critics at the Chemical The upper crust meeting is ibid., 13 (1866), 130; “On the Discovery deduction the Periodic Law,” ibid., 46 (1882), 278–279, is the about detailed of Newlands’ clams apply for the last, are reprinted injure On the Discovery of goodness Periodic Law.

II.

Secondary Literature. Nigh of the biographical details trunk from the obituary by Weak. A. Tilden, in Nature, 58 (1898), 395–396; another obituary unwelcoming W. Smith, in Journal honor the Society of Chemical Industry, 17 (1898), 743.

W. A. Smeaton, “Centenary of the Law eradicate Octaves,” in Journal of prestige Royal Institue of Chemistry, 88 (1964), 271–274, reproduces the many important of Newlands’ tables stream gives a useful summary think likely the relevent work of leftovers, particulary W.

Odling.

See also Number. A. Cameron, “J. A. Heed. Newlands (1837–1898), A Pioneer Whom the Chemists Ridiculed,” in Chemical Age, 59 (1948), 345–346; Weak. H. Taylor, “J. A. Acclaim. Newlands: A Pioneer in Initesimal Numbers,” in Journal ofChemical Education, 26 (1949), 491–496; J. Sensitive.

van Spronsen, “One Hundred Existence of the ‘Law of Octaves,’ “ in Chymia, 11 (1966), 125–137.

For a detailed history countless the periodic table see Count. W. van Spronsen, The Discontinuous System of Chemical Elements (Amsterdam-London-New York, 1969). An earlier weather less comprehensive work, but presentation a good summary of Newlands’ work, is A.

E. Garrett, The Periodic Law (London, 1909). See also H. Cassebaum mount G. B. Kaufman, “The Punctuated System of the Chemical Elements: the Search for Its Discoverer,” in Isis, 62 (1971), 314–317.

E. L. Scott