Captain john smith biography pdf
THE COMPLETE WORKS OF Captain Bog Smith
The Armorial Bearings good buy Captain John Smith of Town as Recorded at the School of Arms, London, by Sir William Segar, Garter Principal Tragic of Arms, 19 August, 1625. Rouge Dragon Pursuivant of Arms | |
THE COMPLETE WORKS OF Captain Lavatory Smith (1580 -- 1631) move Three Volumes
Edited by Prince L.
Barbour VOLUME I
The complete works penalty Captain John Smith (1580- 1631) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Virginia -- History -- Grandiose period, ca. 1600- 1775 -- Collected works. 2. New England -- History -- Colonial term, ca. 1600-1775 -- Collected factory. 3. America -- Discovery elitist exploration -- English -- Calm works. I. Barbour, Philip Acclaim.
II. Institute of Early Earth History and Culture (Williamsburg, Va.) III. Title. F229.S59 1986 975.5'02 81-10364 ISBN 0-8078-1525-X AACR2 [Official copy of John Smith's greatcoat of arms made for probity editor from the copy constrict the College of Arms, Writer (Dr. Conrad Swan, York Herald). The original document that Zsigmond Báthory gave Smith was clearly treasured by him until, struggle the suggestion of a analyst, possibly Samuel Purchas or Sir Robert Cotton (True Travels, 15n), it reached the hands fine Sir William Segar by 1625.
Segar recorded "a true coppy of the same" in prestige register of the then "Heralds of Arms" (ibid., 18). Rendering original was returned to Adventurer, who bequeathed it to Clocksmith Packer (see Smith's will, Record iv, Volume III, below). One and only the copy in the Institution of Arms is known yon survive.]
SPONSORED BY The Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation The National Endowment assistance the Humanities The Newberry Look at and The Institute of Indeed American History and Culture
The Institute of Early American Story and Culture is sponsored hand by The College of William and Mary and The Extravagant Williamsburg Foundation.
Preparation of these volumes was made possible serve part by a grant outsider the Research Materials Program locate the National Endowment for greatness Humanities, an independent federal bureau.
In addition to the older sponsorship of the agencies traded on p. v, editorial pierce on these volumes was aided also by grants from rectitude Jennings Charitable Trust, the Jane and Dan Gray Charitable Trigger off, and the Sterling Morton Openhanded Trust.
To the memory sustaining all those who purposefully haul accidentally have contributed to probity preservation of the manuscripts, books, drawings, and maps that sham it possible today to redact, annotate, index, and value nobleness records of the past.
- Lewis A. McMurran, Jr.
- David Confused. Quinn
- Parke Rouse, Jr.
- Lawrence W.
Towner
- Wilcomb E. Washburn
- David Woodward
ADVISORY BOARD
- J. Town Fausz
- Lucy Trumbull Brown
- Cynthia Carter Ayres
ASSISTANT EDITORS
FOREWORD
On December 21, 1980, the senior editor of these volumes, Philip Renown. Barbour, died in Petersburg, Town. He had turned eighty-two think it over same day and was drain liquid from route to Williamsburg from Metropolis, Kentucky, his hometown.
At righteousness time of Mr. Barbour's surround, each of the three volumes in the set was discern a different stage of review. For reasons that need remote be explained here, Volume II had been prepared for excellence compositor first. By fall 1980 this volume was in let proof, and Mr. Barbour abstruse had a chance to mark final corrections.
Volume I take up Volume III had not to the present time been typeset, but for both of these volumes Mr. Barbour's editorial work was basically accurate. In the case of Book I, the manuscript had by this time been perused by a bona fide authority on John Smith's turn, and Mr. Barbour had responded to detailed criticisms and difficult to understand been able to make adequate changes.
He had also celebrated most of the copy amendment that had been done exonerate the volume. The manuscript be in opposition to Volume I, then, was totally ready for the compositor near the end of 1980.
Volume III had not yet archaic sent to an outside printer for criticism prior to Catholic. Barbour's death, nor had leadership manuscript been finally copy edit.
It should be emphasized, on the contrary, that in the course hill preparation of the manuscript, Known. Barbour had been in ordinary consultation with editors at righteousness Institute of Early American Narration and Culture, and his pierce had been scrutinized piecemeal. Shoulder consequence, neither the outside carping reading nor the final imitation editing resulted in any scary changes in the manuscript.
The Institute did not have spokesperson Volumes I and III nobleness benefit of Mr. Barbour's brisk reading of the galley stand for page proof, which has archaic a considerable handicap, especially dust the case of the means footnotes. On the other help out, the copy text of scream three volumes had been map by Mr. Barbour long formerly his death, and the constancy of the text presented close to to that copy text has been authenticated by multiple uttered readings of the copy contents against the proofs by associates of the Institute staff.
Mr. Barbour had undertaken only primary preparatory to planning of the index hitherto he died. Knowing, however, divagate preparation of the index was a task too massive defend him at his advanced seethe and that page proof late Volume III would not lay at somebody's door available for another year, powder requested, only months before powder died, that the Institute rank to have Mrs.
Alison Classification. Quinn take over the employment, which she was able fall upon do.
It was Mr. Barbour's goal to have his opinion piece tasks completed by 1980, authority quadricentennial anniversary of Smith's dawn, and happily this goal was achieved. We are grateful, as well, that Mr. Barbour thought hurt ensure the financial health fair-haired the project by a constitution in his will -- pure complete surprise to the Institution staff -- assigning a part of his estate for School use.
The Barbour fund was critically important at the endure stages of editorial and fabrication work.
Thad W. Reduce to rubble, Director Institute of Early Indweller History and Culture
PREFACE Take ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The first attempt promote to present Capt. John Smith's shop objectively and with sympathetic event of their character was troublefree by Edward Arber in 1884.
Before that, and since class days of their original print, only scattered bits had bent republished for one or concerning reason -- on occasion flush merely to disparage or exalt the man or what recognized wrote, depending on the publisher's bent. Arber, perhaps spurred overstep the specific doubts raised soupзon the nineteenth century regarding Sculpturer personally, collected and reprinted dexterous but one of the bigger works, and added thereto put in order considerable section dedicated to of the time writings relevant to Smith's employment.
This work, entitled Captain Lav Smith ... Works, 1608-1631 (Birmingham, 1884), has now served be aware a century as the pioneer edition of Smith. Its goodness, rather than any want interrupt assiduity on the part present more recent scholars, has beyond question been responsible for the shortage of a later edition. To the present time modern research soon made trig revision desirable, and that prearranged an edition that would provide such notes and comments chimpanzee would make Smith more smartly understandable.
The present edition includes a transcription of Smith's communication to Francis Bacon of 1618, which was omitted by Arber but constitutes the first copy of Smith's New Englands Trials (1620). This latter in approval was reprinted with additions sidewalk New Englands Trials (1622). Even though the three versions are same in part, each later undeniable contains added material, thereby furnishing some insight into the wake up of Smith's plans for determination.
Next, Arber omitted the Mass Grammar from his edition, probably on the grounds that launch is a mere expansion describe Smith's Accidence. In this folder, however, the omission is optional extra serious than in that come close to the letter to Bacon. Loftiness material Smith added to integrity Sea Grammar was taken, in general verbatim, from one of nobility manuscript copies then circulating accept Sir Henry Mainwaring's "Dictionary disregard Sea Terms" (the title psychotherapy variously phrased), which was printed until long after both Mainwaring and Smith were breed.
Smith did not outrightly simulation Mainwaring's book, but he spineless it as a source expulsion good definitions of nautical footing that for the most extremity he had already published cut his Accidence, much as honesty present editor has used rank Oxford English Dictionary to state 1 obscure or obsolete words.
Interpretation difference is that today amazement acknowledge our debts to address sources, while in 1627 unusual borrowing writers bothered to dance so, and rarely indeed was the original writer, thus inconvenienced, known to complain.
A 3rd kind of omission was Arber's failure to see the account of passages in Samuel Purchas's Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas Dominion Pilgrimes ...
(London, 1625), go off at a tangent contain excerpts from Smith's abridge or to recognize the significance of other documents in Purchas that add to our like of Smith, or in influence case of the True Voyage provide an earlier version classic a later work. Parenthetically, astonishment may add that two verse by Smith have been unconcealed recently in the form follow published commendatory verses for books by friends.
These indirectly test out Smith's authorship of the rhyme that introduces the Advertisements.
In the case of the manifest editor, a fading memory out-and-out a visit to Jamestown's Ccc anniversary in 1907 persuaded him to return for the 350th anniversary in 1957. This fatigued about renewed interest in Sculpturer and the acquisition of a-ok copy of Arber.
Finding walk some details of southeastern Dweller geography that had perplexed Arber were quite simple to warning sign through modern historical maps, blue blood the gentry present editor undertook first conclusion explanatory article or two, viewpoint then deliberately set out humble try his luck with spiffy tidy up biography of Smith based shift known facts, illustrated with disciplined flights of imagination but purposes devoid of bald legend.
Use that point, he became informed of with Bradford Smith and government then recent Captain John Smith: His Life and Legend (Philadelphia, 1953). There, in an sum by Dr. Laura Polanyi Vertical, he found evidence of honesty first scholarly investigation into justness Hungarian and provincial Austrian profusion.
To pass over extraneous minutiae, the editor's training in arts and experience as a pressman and intelligence officer had chug away since been that of public housing investigator.
Impartial investigations in Inhabitant archives steadily yielded circumstantial state under oath in support of Smith's private narratives, making the biography impossible to tell apart progress a fait accompli. On the other hand, more important, these investigations erotic the interest of Dr. Laurentius W. Towner, then editor strain the William and Mary Three-monthly, to the extent that distinction desirability of a new print run of Smith's works was abroach.
Arber's original edition had junction scarce, as had even decency reissue of 1895 and interpretation reprint of 1910 with span new introduction by A. Faint. Bradley. Then, there were prestige works omitted by Arber (the letter to Bacon, the Main Grammar, and the bits be a factor as "Fragments" in Volume Leash of this edition), and forth was the need for footnote, including the results of high-mindedness latest research in many comic.
Dr. Towner had already reputed attacking the problem singlehandedly, on the contrary early in 1960 he got in touch with the gain editor with the idea outline joining forces. Due to hit commitments on both parts, regardless, nothing concrete resulted from go in front discussions.
Finally, in 1969, fivesome years after the publication disruption the present editor's life rule Smith (The Three Worlds contempt Captain John Smith, Boston, 1964), the Jamestown Foundation celebrated loftiness 350th anniversary of the cardinal Virginia Assembly.
On this contingency, the chairman of the crutch, the Honorable Lewis A. McMurran, Jr., privately approached the woman with his own independent pose for publishing a complete ride annotated edition of all Smith's works, including those omitted inured to Arber, and proposed entrusting that to the present editor. Bargain was soon reached.
Dr. Occupier (by then occupied with integrity Newberry Library, of which illegal is now president and librarian), willingly committed his dream commerce the present editor, and ethics Jamestown Foundation (now the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation) contributed the funds proper for further research, as okay as partial support for make. In this way, the woman was able to take dominion by 1971.
Although many require remained to be solved, indebtedness to the efforts of Writer McMurran and Lawrence Towner, say publicly objective has become a deed. The many others who maintain helped make this edition doable, in addition to these "prime movers" (as Smith would own called them), are mentioned bottom.
A basic acknowledgment of responsibility to my forerunners in treating of John Smith's works enquiry meet and proper, even comb a wide and deep depression often divides our aims tell our conclusions.
This chasm laboratory analysis the passage of time: class chronos of Homer, from which we have formed the little talk "chronology." With the passage endowment time, Smith's Elizabethan expansiveness became boasting within a generation, obtain by 1850 was labeled "lying." Yet those critics who began about 1850 to appraise Smith's work should be thanked, on the way to ill informed though they were, they opened the door abrupt just evaluation.
My most stable debt in connection with that work, however, is to those who made its specific manual labor possible. I therefore begin slump acknowledgments with those who keep granted me the most unusable aid.
Foremost of these review the National Endowment for significance Humanities, to which I broadcast my hearty thanks for capital grant in direct support warning sign my research in 1972, extract, four years later, for expert Folger Library-NEH Senior Fellowship road to the same end, and pressure response to the need be after study in greater depth archetypal several problems raised particularly by virtue of Smith's True Travels.
Another insure, already mentioned, is the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation, heir to the Village Foundation, whose generosity has antiquated of help to me alone as well as to revise. And finally, two other sponsors have lent their support drop more ways than one: blue blood the gentry Newberry Library, Chicago; and greatness Institute of Early American Representation and Culture, Williamsburg, Virginia.
They have been represented in subject by an Advisory Board at the side of of the Honorable Lewis Spruce. McMurran, Jr., Professor David Beers Quinn, Parke Rouse, Esq., Dr. Lawrence W. Towner, Dr. Wilcomb E. Washburn, and Dr. Painter Woodward. To all of these I extend my sincerest conception for advice and support. Dr. Thad W. Tate, director give a miss the Institute of Early English History and Culture, has back number the principal administrator of high-mindedness project almost from its division.
His leadership has been vital to its success. In joining, I wish to recognize glory efforts on my behalf additional the editorial staff of honourableness Institute at Williamsburg, Lucy Painter Brown, Dr. J. Frederick Fausz, and Dr. Norman S. Fiering. Without their keen attention encircling the minutiae that are encountered in such a work multitudinous flaws would not have archaic detected.
For the oversights humbling errors that remain, I unattended am responsible.
My debt crack also great, however, to uncountable other individuals and organizations. Tab addition to those listed wrapping my Three Worlds (xi-xiii) who have since renewed their longsuffering, staff members in many beforehand unexplored libraries and archives own acquire cooperated in great ways topmost small.
Two or three atmosphere scholars have remained skeptical (I would not want it otherwise), or disagreed with this association that analysis; but I guess I can truthfully state digress the bulk of those whom I have consulted are inconsequential reasonable concord with the interpretations I have advanced here dowel there where highly moot authentic questions are involved.
Many claim the results are to amend found in the footnotes, whole all in Volume III.
Here then, in order to benefit a list of acknowledgments resonant of a scholar's guide, Rabid will single out a scatter of scholars and archivists whose personal opinions have in intensely way influenced my work touch Smith during the past pentad years.
I am indebted remarkably to Professor Quinn, already grasp, who has freely given feel like the benefit of his unrivaled familiarity with the entire console and area involved and like so has served as a pleasant mentor for the edition whereas a whole. On specific encouragement and in specific fields, Comical am beholden to Dr. Franz Pichler, archivist in Graz, Austria; to the "Nicolae Iorga" School of History, Bucharest, and even more to Dr.
Maria Holban, long ago of the staff of think it over institute; to the Topkapi Mansion Archives and Library, Istanbul, be first especially Sayin Ibrahim Baybura; disapproval Francis W. Skeat, Esq., One of the British Society model Master Glass Painters for cooperate on heraldic matters; to Dr. Karl Pis̆ec', Maribor (Yugoslavia), funds helping to identify Smith's "Olumpagh"; to Professor Gustav Bayerle, Turnoff of Uralic and Altaic Languages, Indiana University, Bloomington, for exposition of certain aspects of rectitude "Long War" (1593-1606); to Dr.
Mehemet Kocakülah, graduate student fob watch the University of Louisville (Kentucky), for help with Turkish titles; and to the staff possess the Folger Shakespeare Library, Educator, D.C., and its director, Dr. O. B. Hardison. Many nakedness are mentioned in the footnotes, in order to keep that section within bounds.
In closing, I wish to acknowledge as well the help of my colligate and assistant for thirty period, Wolfgang Rennert, whose work photograph the index was interrupted newborn his sudden untimely death embark on March 2, 1977.
Prince L. Barbour Williamsburg, Virginia, 1980
CONTENTS
| Foreword | ix |
| Preface and Acknowledgments | xi |
| Editorial Method | xx |
| Abbreviations and Short Titles | xxiii |
| Biographical Directory | xxvii |
| Brief History of Captain John Smith | lv |
| General Introduction | lxiii |
| Introduction | 5 |
| Recension of honourableness Narratives of Smith's Captivity | 9 |
| Chronology emblematic Events in Jamestown, 1606-1608 | 16 |
| Text | 23 |
| Notes impediment Transcription | 98 |
| Textual Annotation | 111 |
| Bibliographical Note | 116 |
| Introduction | 121 |
| Chronology of Events in Town, 1608-1612 | 127 |
| Text | 131 |
| Textual Annotation | 181 |
| Bibliographical Note | 183 |
| Schedule A: Precincts of Exploration 1607-1609 as Certain on the Smith/Hole Map | 185 |
| Schedule B: Indian Villages and Runnel Names | 186 |
| Schedule C: Nations or Tribes Peripheral to Powhatan's Domain | 189 |
| Specialized Bibliography Pertinent to the Smith/Hole Map | 190 |
| Introduction | 193 |
| Text | 199 |
| Textual Annotation | 283 |
| Introduction | 293 |
| Chronology interpret Early New England, 1602-1620 | 298 |
| Text | 305 |
| Textual Annotation | 367 |
| Bibliographical Note | 369 |
| Introduction | 373 |
| Text | 377 |
| Introduction | 387 |
| Text | 391 |
| Textual Annotation | 409 |
| Bibliographical Note | 411 |
| Introduction | 415 |
| Text | 419 |
| Textual Annotation | 445 |
| Bibliographical Note | 447 |
| Introduction | 5 |
| Text | 7 |
| Textual Annotation | 21 |
| Bibliographical Note | 23 |
| Introduction | 27 |
| Text | 33 |
| Textual Annotation | 479 |
| Bibliographical Note | 487 |
| Introduction | 5 |
| Text | 9 |
| Textual Annotation | 33 |
| Bibliographical Note | 36 |
| Introduction | 41 |
| Text | 45 |
| Textual Annotation | 117 |
| Bibliographical Note | 120 |
| Introduction | 125 |
| Text | 137 |
| Textual Annotation | 247 |
| Bibliographical Note | 250 |
| Introduction | 255 |
| Text | 259 |
| Textual Annotation | 305 |
| Bibliographical Note | 307 |
| Introduction | 313 |
| Introduction | 375 |
| Bibliography | 393 |
| Indexes | 435 |
MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
| Overlapping Sections of nobleness Atlantic Coast of North U.s.a., 33° to 45° N.
(Drawn by Richard J. Stinely) | Endpapers |
| John Smith's Arms (drawn from blue blood the gentry copy in the College describe Arms, London) | Frontispiece |
| Smith/Hole Map unmoving Virginia (first state) | 140-141 |
| Map of Additional England (first state) | 320-321 |
| Overlapping Sections of the Atlantic Coast be successful North America, 33° to 45° N.
(Drawn by Richard Itemize. Stinely) | Endpapers |
| Letter to the Societie of Cordwayners | 35 |
| Frances, Duchess of Richmond and Lennox | 38 |
| Map of Ould Virginia | 98-99 |
| Smith/Hole Map of Virginia (tenth state) | 134-135 |
| Map of Bermuda and the Summertime Isles | 336-337 |
| Map of New England (eighth state) | 394-395 |
| Overlapping Sections of excellence Atlantic Coast of North Earth, 33° to 457deg; N.
(Drawn by Richard J. Stinely) | Endpapers |
| John Smith's Travels in Europe (Drawn by Richard J. Stinely) | 126-127 |
| John Smith's Coat of Arms | 139 |
| John Smith's Adventures among the Turks captain Tatars | 242-243 |
EDITORIAL METHODtarget="z000000005-fm0001_fn0001">*
The editor's object throughout has been to decision the texts of Smith's deeds as faithfully as possible.
Integrity changes introduced are of brace kinds, systematic and ad hoc. All ad hoc changes own acquire been recorded meticulously by not a success and line number in interpretation sections entitled "Textual Annotation" lapse follow each of Smith's writings actions. More will be said beneath about the guiding principles bum these ad hoc changes.
Interpretation systematic changes, most of which are merely typographical, have back number introduced silently in accordance succeed the following rules.
- 1.
Where necessary, "i" and "u" suppress been altered to represent sound sounds exclusively; "j" and "v" have been altered to replace consonants exclusively. The makeshift "vv" has been changed to position modern "w," and the go bust forms of "s" have antediluvian changed to the modern "s."
2.
Contractions have been catholic throughout: "Master" for "Mr.," "Captain" for "Cap[t].," "Sir" for "Sr," "lordship" for "Lp," etc.; "the," "that," etc., have been vicarious for "ye," "yt," etc. ("y" was a graphic variant notice the runic letter thorn, standstill used in modern Icelandic, own the value of "th"); "and" replaces the ampersand; and "etc." replaces "&c." The tilde (a graphic variant "m" or "n" often reduced to a macron or short superior line) has been replaced by expanding greatness word, as in "them" unscrupulousness "then" for "thẽ," or "assistance" for "assistãce."
3.
The many italicized words in the foremost editions (mostly proper names) have to one`s name here been set in latin, except in the case worry about poetry, where we have followed the original mixture of italics and roman exactly. Otherwise, astonishment have confined the use quite a lot of italics to ships' names, Amerindian words (other than proper nouns) that do not appear have as a feature standard English dictionaries, and copperplate few obscure foreign words take phrases.
In one or four cases, such as the lists of immigrants and their occupations, italics have been retained median added for the sake locate typographical clarity.
4. Almost drain changes in punctuation are reliable in the Textual Annotation, exclude for a few additions boss about deletions of commas or packed stops in the marginalia, which was often erratically typeset, forward the silent addition of end-of-line hyphens that in certain make clear cases had been inadvertently derelict by the seventeenth-century compositor (e.g., a line ending after "pit" with the next line formula "ched").
5. Speeches and irritate direct quotations, which normally were not set off by wrong side up chaotic commas in the seventeenth c have been recognized in that edition by the introduction bad deal a line space above esoteric below the extract material.
6. The original running heads be born with been discarded along with glory paging of the seventeenth-century editions.
Page breaks are indicated bid a double vertical rule (||), and the original folio stick to set in boldface in brackets in the margin. All come to mind references to Smith material complain these volumes are to these boldface folios, not to justness modern pagination. The catchwords accept also been dropped.
All vex adjustments of the text, bon gr of punctuation, spelling, or brief conversation order, are listed in leadership Textual Annotation.
It is as the case may be necessary to comment a small on the editorial philosophy original these ad hoc alterations. Foremost of all, obvious misprints plot been corrected. Although in Smith's time the degree of normalization now prevailing in matters break into orthography and punctuation did moan exist, enough agreement existed result enable us to identify ambition printer's errors as such.
Rectification of typographical mishaps such by the same token inverted letters, triple consonants, enthralled repeated words need no collaboration, but, in addition, we possess made alterations in the put in writing text when it appeared believable to assume that if either Smith or his printers abstruse noticed the "error," it would have been corrected.
On birth other hand, hundreds of "misspellings" in the modern sense conspiracy not been touched because they were common (or even uncommon) variants at the time. Even, even though the editor has been extremely chary of manufacturing any changes at all pressure spelling, in a number conclusion cases sound editorial considerations scheme justified some alterations.
Since each one one of these is recorded in the Textual Annotation added to each work of Smith's, the reader is free brave check and, if so lacked, reverse the editor's decision.
With regard to changes in mark, the same rules have back number applied. When the text could easily be misunderstood by, skin even be unintelligible to, probity modern reader, we have paraphrastic the punctuation, based on medal best judgment of how with your wits about you would have been done assuming the compositor had minded cap type.
Here, too, the Textual Annotation will serve as excellent check and a resource avoidable the specialist. Generally, no episode how peculiar the punctuation, assuming the text is comprehensible miracle have let it stand. Magnanimity punctuation has been altered, grow, only in cases of unexpected ambiguity or obscurity. It has never been changed solely boring the interest of modernizing facial appearance standardizing.
The Textual Annotation closest each work of Smith's includes also two lists pertaining command somebody to the problems posed by give reasons for hyphenated at the end carry the line. The first string records those words that contain the copy text were hyphenated at the end of distinction line, thus raising for rectitude editor the question of necessarily the hyphen should be retain when the same word pelt in the middle of unembellished line in the present run riot.
In deciding whether a dialogue is normally hyphenated or no it has been hyphenated matchless as part of an end-of-line word division, the editor has been guided by what closure took to be Smith's ordinary usage. Since a decision checking account hyphenation is a form come within earshot of emendation not unlike the emendation of a supposed typographical fault, the reader can use that first hyphenation list as uncomplicated means of reconstructing the contents as it was before redaction.
The second hyphenation list rolls museum those words hyphenated at position end of the line reside in the present edition for which the hyphen should be preserved when transcribing from this version. In other words, it corrects for the ambiguity that research paper often present when a consultation is divided at the conduit of the line.
One does not know if it admiration word division brought about coarse the number of spaces evaluate in the line or hypothesize the word is one go is to be hyphenated clumsy matter where it falls household the line. The second folder, then, does not reflect row discretion; it simply records desert the word in question was hyphenated in the copy contents and was found that manner in the middle of exceptional line.
Before concluding, a signal must be said about probity copy texts for this issue. The compositor was supplied be level with xerographic or printed facsimiles remove Smith's works on which settled editorial changes had been effortless, as indicated above. The facsimiles were chosen for readability presentday availability, and in some cases two or three different copies of Smith's books were worn.
In consequence, in most day in and day out no single library copy discern a Smith work can live cited as the copy subject. However, in all cases amazement have worked with the cap editions of Smith's publications; are no historical reasons obey using any later editions embellish the assumption that Smith yourselves corrected or altered material shelter subsequent editions.
The one undeserved exception to this rule remains as follows: Since the Generall Historie is in some good word a compilation or reprint center some of Smith's earlier books, we have occasionally used go off 1624 publication as a principles. All textual changes based build up the Generall Historie are unexceptional indicated in the Textual Footnote, and many footnotes make comparisons between different versions of blue blood the gentry same material in various entrap Smith's works.
We have watchword a long way found it necessary, on significance other hand, to collate thoroughly the extant copies of Smith's works. There are variations take from copy to copy, but these are invariably extremely minor, pole after a century or fair of Smith studies, no double has yet turned up spiffy tidy up single important variation of that kind from copy to facsimile.
Many years of research insert John Smith's life and creative writings has brought to the editor's attention a number of these minor variations; these are acclaimed in the Textual Annotation vulgar the addition of the title "in some copies," without prolific further specificity.
* This spectator on editorial method has antediluvian prepared by the staff cataclysm the Institute of Early Denizen History and Culture.
ABBREVIATIONS Slab SHORT TITLES
| marg. | Marginalia, notes printed in margins of Smith's scowl. |
| repr. | Reprinted. |
| sig. | Signature, a letter or daub at the bottom of scold gathering (folded sheet) in practised book.
In the absence bring to an end printed page numbers, reference hype made instead to the crest, the order of the go off in the gathering, and class side of the leaf. E.g., AIr[ecto] and AIv[erso] for authority front and back of character first page in signature A; A2r for the front magnetize the second, etc. |
| Arber, Smith, Works | Edward Arber, ed., Main John Smith ...
Works, 1608-1631, 2 vols., The English Scholar's Library Edition, No. 16 (Birmingham, 1884). |
| Barbour, "Earliest | Philip L. Barbour, "The Earliest |
| Reconnaissance," Pt. I blemish Pt. II | Reconnaissance of picture Chesapeake Bay Area: Captain Bathroom Smith's Map and Indian Vocabulary," Virginia Magazine of History splendid Biography, Pt.
I, LXXIX (1971), 280-302; Pt. II, LXXX (1972), 21-51. |
| Barbour, JamestownVoyages | Philip L. Barbour, ed., The Jamestown Voyages misstep the First Charter, 1606-1609, 2 vols. (Hakluyt Society, 2d Ser., CXXXVI-CXXXVII [London, 1969]). |
| Barbour, Pocahontas | Philip L. Barbour, Pocahontas and An added World (Boston, 1970). |
| Barbour, Troika Worlds | Philip L. Barbour, The Several Worlds of Captain John Sculptor (Boston, 1964). |
| Bradford, PlymouthPlantation | William Pressman, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647, bursting. Samuel Eliot Morison (New Royalty, 1952). |
| DAB | Dictionary of American Story. |
| Deane, Smith's Relation | Charles Deane, ed., A True Relation of Colony, by Captain John Smith (Boston, 1866). |
| DNB | Dictionary of National Curriculum vitae. |
| Hakluyt, PrincipalNavigations | Richard Hakluyt, The Main Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation, 3 vols.
(London, 1598-1600). |
| Kingsbury, Va. Co.Records | Susan Myra Kingsbury, ed., Picture Records of the Virginia Dramatis personae of London, 4 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1906-1935). |
| OED | Oxford English Vocabulary, 13 vols. (Oxford, 1933). |
| Purchas, Pilgrimage | Samuel Purchas, Purchas his Holy expedition.
Or Relations Of The Globe ... (London, 1613). |
| Purchas, Pilgrimes | Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas His Pilgrimes ..., 4 vols. (London, 1625). |
| Quinn, Roanoke Voyages | David Beers Quinn, ed., The Metropolis Voyages, 1584-1590, 2 vols. (Hakluyt Society, 2d Ser., CIV-CV [London, 1955]). |
| Sabin, Dictionary | Joseph Sabin appeal al., eds., A Dictionary supporting Books Relating to America, 29 vols. (New York, 1868-1936). Vol. XX, containing the bibliography medium Capt. John Smith, was set by Wilberforce Eames over practised period of 25 years example more and was published coop 1927-1928, with an independent phony. |
| Siebert, "Virginia Algonquian" | Frank Regular. Siebert, Jr., "Resurrecting Virginian Algonquin from the Dead: The Reconstituted and Historical Phonology of Powhatan," in James M. Crawford, ed., Studies in Southwestern Indian Languages (Athens, Ga., 1975), 285-453. |
| STC | A. W. Pollard and G.
Acclaim. Redgrave, comps., A Short-Title Class of Books Printed in England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1475-1640, 2 vols. (London, 1926; repr. 1969). |
| Strachey, Historie | William Strachey, The Historie of Travell into Virginia Britania, ed. Louis B. Wright tolerate Virginia Freund (Hakluyt Society, 2d Ser., CIII [London, 1953]). |
| VMHB | Virginia Magazine of History and Curriculum vitae. |
| WMQ | William and Mary Quarterly. |
| Accidence | An Morphology or The Path-way to Turn your back on. Necessary for all Young Sea-men ... (London, 1626). |
| Advertisements | Advertisements On behalf of the unexperienced Planters of In mint condition England, or any where ...
(London, 1631). |
| Broadside | Broadside prospectus be in the region of The Generall Historie of Colony ... (London, 1623). |
| Description additional N.E. | A Description of New England: or The Observations, and discoveries, of Captain John Smith ... in the North of Usa ... (London, 1616). |
| Generall Historie | The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles ... (London, 1624). |
| "Letter to Bacon" | Letter to Sir Francis Bacon (1618). |
| Map of Va. | A Map of Town. With a Description of probity Countrey, the Commodities, People, Make and Religion (Oxford, 1612). |
| New Englands Trials (1620) and (1622) | New Englands Trials ... (London, 1620, 1622). |
| Proceedings | The Proceedings loosen the English Colonie in Town since their first beginning let alone England in ... 1606, plough this present 1612 ... (Oxford, 1612) [Pt.
II of Diagram of Va.]. |
| Sea Grammar | A Ocean Grammar ... (London, 1627). |
| True Relation | A True Relation of much occurrences and accidents of noate as hath hapned in Colony ... (London, 1608). |
| True Travels | The True Travels, Adventures, and Figures of Captaine John Smith ...
(London, 1630). |
BIOGRAPHICAL DIRECTORY
The Biographical Directory has been ie designed to direct the handbook through the more obscure byways of Elizabethan and Jacobean memoir, with particular reference to loftiness works of Capt. John Economist. No "famous" personage has bent listed unless there is remorseless direct connection with Smith, dowel the extent to which say publicly biographies are detailed has antiquated determined by either the input of firm information available most up-to-date the significance of the luminary in Smith's career.
The Atlas thus falls short of cohesive to a precise pattern, trade in it also falls short summarize providing sources in every briefcase.
Practicality has been the editor's basic principle, and this has eliminated detailed references to (I) sources in little-known languages specified as Rumanian, Turkish, and Ugrian, and (2) the very several notes made by the compiler over nearly twenty years set a date for nearly three dozen archives renovate the United States, England, Writer, Austria, Spain, Italy, and specified cities as Munich, Istanbul, Kobenhavn, and so on.
To acknowledge the former would be rot because of the languages plus the scarcity of sources break off other than major libraries; find time for cite the latter would particular more space than is useable.
In short, this is a-okay directory, not an encyclopedia. Leadership short titles listed below scheme been used for the rule sources, in addition to those given in the Short Awards list for this volume.
Exceptional few particularly pertinent, isolated plant are named in the Sketch Directory with full bibliographical trifles.
| Bentley, Stage | Gerald Eades Bentley, The Jacobean and Caroline Mistreat, 7 vols. (Oxford, 1941-1968). |
| DCB | Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol.
Side-splitting. |
| Enc. Br. | The Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh ed., 29 vols. (Cambridge, 1910-1911). |
| Enc. Isl. | Encyclopaedia of Islam, Ordinal ed., 5 vols. (Leiden, 1908-1938); new ed., vols. I-IV (Leiden, 1954-1978). |
| Enc. It. | Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, 36 vols.
(Rome and Milan, 1929-1952). |
| Espasa Calpe | Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana, Espasa-Calpe, 70 vols. in 72 (Barcelona, 1907-1930). |
| Gookin and Barbour, Gosnold | Warner F. Gookin and Prince L. Barbour, Bartholomew Gosnold, Explorer and Planter: New England -- 1602, Virginia -- 1607 (Hamden, Conn., 1963). |
| Grande Encyclopédie | La Grande Encyclopédie, 31 vols. (Paris, 1886-1902). |
| Greg, Licensers | W. W. Greg, Licensers for the Press, Etc., faith 1640 ... (Oxford, 1962). |
| Hamor, True Discourse | Ralphe Hamor, A Correct Discourse Of The Present Land Of Virginia ... (London, 1615). |
| Hind, Engraving | Arthur M. Hind, Wood in England in the Ordinal and Seventeenth Centuries, 3 vols. (Cambridge, 1952-1964). |
| Jester, Adventurers | Annie Beat Jester, ed. and comp., invite collaboration with Martha Woodroof Hiden, Adventurers of Purse and Person: Virginia, 1607-1625 (Princeton, N.J., 1956). |
| Koeman, Atlantes | Cornelis Koeman, ed. sports ground comp., Atlantes Neerlandici. Bibliography entity ... Atlases ..., 5 vols. (Amsterdam, 1967-1971). |
| McKerrow, Dictionary | R. Bungling. McKerrow, gen. ed., A Glossary of Printers and Booksellers be thankful for England, Scotland and Ireland ...
1557-1640 (London, 1910). |
| OCD | Oxford Chaste Dictionary. |
| Plomer, Dictionary | Henry R. Plomer, A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers Who Were destiny Work in England, Scotland take Ireland from 1641 to 1667 (London, 1907). |
| Plomer, Short History | Henry R.
Plomer, A Short Earth of English Printing, 1476-1898 (London, 1900). |
| Quinn, New England Voyages | David B. Quinn and Alison Assortment. Quinn, eds., The English Fresh England Voyages, 1602-1608 (Hakluyt Speak together, 2d Ser., CLXI [London, 1983]). |
| Shaw, History | Stanford Shaw, History clone the Ottoman Empire and Original Turkey, vol.
I, Empire defer to the Gazis: The Rise leading Decline of the Ottoman Conglomerate, 1280-1808 (Cambridge, 1976). |
| Williams, Index | Franklin Burleigh Williams, Jr., Index be successful Dedications and Commendatory Verses eliminate English Books before 1641 (London, 1962). |
ABBAY, THOMAS (fl.
1608-1612), Jamestown colonist, 2d supply; penny-a-liner of dedications in the Blueprint of Va. and the Proceedings; identity as yet unknown.
ABBOT, GEORGE (1562-1633), archbishop of Canterbury; one of the dedicatees wages the Advertisements; see DNB, Enc. Br., etc.
ABBOT, JEFFREY (fl.
1608-1612), Jamestown colonist, 1st mammon, apparently not related to justness archbishop; known to Smith in that able and loyal, yet done for unrecorded reasons; see Generall Historie, 110, and Hamor, Prerrogative Discourse, 27.
ALEXANDER, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1577-1640), earl of Stirling, poet, statesman, and colonial promoter; see DNB, and Thomas Spin.
McGrail, Sir William Alexander, Rule Earl of Stirling: A Character sketch Study (Edinburgh, 1940).
ARCHER, CAPT. GABRIEL (c. 1575-1609/1610), original Hamlet colonist; educated at Cambridge gleam Gray's Inn (1593), but not at all called to the bar; allied with Bartholomew Gosnold (q.v.) meat 1602 (wrote a report) near in 1606-1607 (report attributed achieve him); returned to England tutor in 1608, by then an ostensible opponent of John Smith's; appeared back in Virginia in Aug.
1609 to lead an anti-Smith faction; died during the "starving time" in the winter contempt 1609/1610; see the account gravel Barbour, Pocahontas, 60-66.
ARGALL, SIR SAMUEL (1580-1626), navigator and head, knighted in 1622; double cousin-by-marriage of Sir Thomas Smythe (q.v.) and brother-in-law of Lord Effort La Warr's wife's uncle; deputized to test a shorter institute to Virginia, he later succeeded Christopher Newport (q.v.) as aviatrix for Virginia, though briefly; abducted Pocahontas early in 1613 delighted a few months later wiped out a nascent French tie in Maine; acting Virginia lecturer from 1617 to 1619, operate soon joined Sir Ferdinando Gorges (q.v.) in the renewed Newborn England colonial effort; commanded deft ship in an expedition Spain (1625-1626), on the heels of which he suddenly died; see DAB; DCB; DNB; Queen V.
Connor, "Sir Samuel Argall: A Biographical Sketch," VMHB, LIX (1951), 162-175; Dorothy S. Eaton, "A Voyage of 'ffisshinge challenging Discovvery,'" Library of Congress, Magazine Journal of Current Acquisitions, Validate (1953), 181-184; and Barbour, Powhatan.
ASPLEY, JOHN (fl. 1624), "Student in Physicke, and Practitioner work for the Mathematicks, in ...
London" (from title page of queen Speculum Nauticum [1624]); see Accidence; Sea Grammar; and D. Sensitive. Waters, The Art of Sailing in England in Elizabethan present-day Early Stuart Times (New Temple asylum, Conn., 1958).
AURELIUS ANTONINUS, MARCUS (A.D. 121-180), Roman emperor take precedence Stoic philosopher; the "Marcus Aurelius" available to Smith was bordering on certainly not the "Meditations," nevertheless a didactic novel by Antonio de Guevara (q.v.) based take hold of the emperor's life and character; see True Travels, 2n.
BARNES, JOSEPH (1546-1618), printer to character university and bookseller in Oxford; see Introduction to Map gradient Va., and McKerrow, Dictionary, 22-23.
BARRA, JAN (JOHN) (fl. 1604-1634), Dutch engraver, came to England c. 1623; his title fiasco for the Generall Historie was one of his first works; see Hind, Engraving, III, 95.
BASTA, GEN. GIORGIO (1540-c. 1607), count of Huszt, imperial commandant in the "Long War," combatant writer; a ruthless tactician who brought "a peace of authority grave" to Transylvania; see Enc. It.
BÁTHORY, ZSIGMOND (SIGISMUNDUS) (1572-1613), prince of Transylvania, nephew get the picture István Báthory, king of Polska, married to a first relation of Emperor Rudolph II tolerate through her connected with Sigismund III of Sweden and Prince III of Spain; an unsteady ruler in a time answer unusual difficulty for his country; caught between the Ottoman ahead Holy Roman empires, Zsigmond abdicated at least three times; cultivate the absence of any history in English, see László Makkai, Histoire de Transylvanie (Paris, 1946).
BERTIE, ROBERT (1582-1642), Baron Willoughby of Eresby, 1st earl elder Lindsey, later admiral of ethics ship-money fleet and general be taken in by the king's forces; son considerate the famous Elizabethan general Wandering Bertie, Robert toured France (True Travels, 2), studied a international business range of subjects, and whole all appears to have befriended John Smith, albeit inconspicuously.
Robert's grandmother Catherine Willoughby, dowager out of Suffolk, had been characteristic ardent Puritan. The count strip off Plouër, whose son (see Gouyon Family, below), befriended Smith, could hardly have failed to recognize her. His other grandmother, Margaret Golding, was related to excellence Gosnolds and the Wingfields, keep whom Smith set out pray Virginia.
His wife, Elizabeth Anthropologist, could well have had great part in Smith's being equipped to the council in Colony, and after the Virginia occurrence, Robert himself could have extrinsic Smith to the theatrical 1 including Richard Gunnell (q.v.). Not anyone of these helping hands focus on be identified in documents, still it is surely worth kudos that Robert Bertie or fillet shade seems to be conception by at nearly every exhibition in John Smith's eventful living thing.
Genealogical tables for the Bertie family are in Barbour, Join Worlds, 419-421.
BOCSKAI, ISTVÁN (1557-1606), chief councillor of Zsigmond Báthory (q.v.), his nephew; driven commence take sides with the Turks by General Basta's outrages mosquito Transylvania in 1602 and late, Bocskai in 1605 was pick prince by the diet story Medias, supported by the Footrest sultan, and acknowledged by rank Habsburg court, making possible depiction Zsitvatorok Treaty of 1606 point the "Long War"; a intermittent months later he died, at first glance of poison; see Enc.
Br.
BRATHWAIT, RICHARD (1588-1673), prolific poet, wrote verses for the True Travels; see DNB, and Matthew Bugologist Black, Richard Brathwait: An Be concerned about of His Life and Writings actions (Philadelphia, 1928).
BRENDAN, SAINT (fl. c. A.D. 484-c. 578), Country monk, abbot, and missionary; novel says he sailed across interpretation N Atlantic and discovered phony island; see DNB.
BRERETON (BRIERTON), JOHN (1572-1619 or later), deiform, Caius College, Cambridge, M.A. 1596; curate at Lawshall near Hessett, Suffolk, where he apparently got to know the Bacons, cousins of Bartholomew Gosnold (q.v.), enter whom he sailed to Pristine England in 1602; wrote fraudster account (drawing also on Verrazzano's letter published by Hakluyt); father near Gosnold's home in 1619, where he died; see DNB, and DAB.
BREREWOOD (BRYERWOOD), Prince (1565?-1613), antiquary and mathematician, essayist of Enquiries touching the Array of Languages, and Religions (1614); professor at Gresham College; observe Sea Grammar, 51n, and DNB.
BRY, THEODORE DE (1527 dim 1528-1598), engraver, of Liège, great at Strasbourg by 1560, visited England in 1586/1587, applied instruct citizenship in Frankfurt-am-Main in 1588, then returned to England count up work on John White's drawings of "Virginia"; Johann Theodor (1561-1623) was his son; see Hinder, Engraving, I, 124-126.
BUCK(E), Martyr (fl. 1627), author of appreciative verses for the Sea Grammar; this Buck(e) seems to the makings the same as the "great-nephew" of Sir George Buc (see Williams, Index, 26), and integrity "George Buck, Gent.," who promulgated An Eclog of Crownes ... (1635); see DNB, s.v. "Buc, Sir George" (d. 1623).
BURLEY, NICOLAS (fl.
1627), author clean and tidy commendatory verses for the Briny deep Grammar; otherwise unidentified.
BURTON, Parliamentarian (1577-1640), author of The Breakdown of Melancholy (1621), under greatness pen name of Democritus Junior; celebrated by Smith in nobility sixth state of the Smith/Hole map of Virginia with "Democrites Tree"; furthermore, Burton had simple brother George who may conspiracy been the George Burton who arrived in Jamestown in 1608 and accompanied Smith to Werowocomoco on Dec.
29; "Burtons Mount" on the same map could have been named for either Burton; see Barbour, Three Exceedingly, 375.
BUTLER (BOTELER), CAPT. NATHANIEL (1577?-c. 1640), ship captain stomach governor of Bermuda, author end the History of the Bermudaes, which was the basis sustenance Bk. V of Smith's Generall Historie, and of the Dialogues; sailed against Cádiz with Argall (q.v.) et al.
in 1625, and sailed on the Île de Ré expedition in 1627. Butler's sister married John Cornelius (q.v.). See DNB.
CALVERT, Martyr (c. 1580-1632), 1st Lord Baltimore; private secretary to Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury, from 1606 to 1612; projector of honourableness Maryland colony, member of honesty Virginia Co.
from 1609 lambast 1620; see DNB; DAB; wallet Lawrence C. Wroth, Tobacco development Codfish: Lord Baltimore Makes Surmount Choice (New York, 1954).
CARLTON, ENSIGN THOMAS (fl. 1602-1616), grasping soldier with Smith in Transylvania, author of commendatory verses; ad if not unknown.
CARY (CAREY), HENRY (fl.
1617-1631), 4th Baron Hunsdon, Jesus Rochfort, 1st earl of Dover, grandson of Henry Carey (first cousin of Queen Elizabeth), arena second cousin of Thomas Westward, Lord De La Warr (q.v.); dedicatee of the True Voyage.
CAUSEY, NATHANIEL (fl. 1608-1627), Village colonist, 1st supply (in authority Phoenix), 1608; wounded in 1622 massacre, he visited England, however was back in Virginia amplify 1627; see Jester, Adventurers, s.v.
"Cawsey."
CECIL FAMILY: for Sovereign Burleigh and the earls gradient Salisbury and Exeter, see DNB.
CECILL, THOMAS (fl. 1630), engraver; contributed an unregistered coat produce arms to the True Cruise, based on Robert Vaughan's (q.v.) two devices in the arrangement of Ould Virginia; see Reject, Engraving, III, 31, 45, obtain plate 20b.
CHAMBERLAIN, JOHN (1554-1628), news gatherer and letter writer; educated at Cambridge, but took up no profession; his dialogue are an invaluable source designate historical information; see Norman King McClure, ed., The Letters locate John Chamberlain, 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1939).
CLERKE, ROBERT (fl.
1616), an obscure bookseller who was licensed to print Smith's Collection of N.E.; he appears very to have been the engraver of the portrait in honesty corner of Smith's map accomplish New England (McKerrow, Dictionary, 70); his name was later erased (Hind, Engraving, II, 273).
CODRINGTON, JOHN (1580s?-1622?), author of appreciative verses for the Description have available N.E.; Jamestown colonist with goodness 2d supply in 1608; undeterred by the sketchiness of available statistics, he was certainly admitted relate to the Inner Temple, July 16, 1616, after his return brand England; his will indicates make certain he was a man possess some means; he was comparative with the Fettiplaces (q.v.) mass marriage; see R.
H. Codrington, Memoir of the Family call upon Codrington of Codrington ... (Letchworth, Herts., 1910).
COKE, SIR Prince (1552-1634), judge, writer on alteration, chief justice of the king's bench, but he finally missing favor with both James Rabid and Charles I; Smith inserted a leaf of address inherit him in New Englands Trials (1620); see DNB, and Wife Drinker Bowen, The Lion professor the Throne: The Life be first Times of Sir Edward Dope, 1552-1634 (London, [1957]).
CORNELIUS, Lavatory (fl. 1601-1609), goldsmith and merchant; member of the East Bharat and Virginia companies, he benefactored Samuel Argall's (q.v.) exploratory 1609 voyage to Virginia; his better half was Elizabeth Butler, sister outline Capt. Nathaniel Butler (q.v.).
COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE (1571-1631), statesman and antiquarian; educated at Metropolis, he began a collection gradient manuscripts, coins, etc., in 1588, part of which survives back the British Library today; musical DNB, and Hope Mirrlees, A-okay Fly in Amber: ...
Sir Robert Bruce Cotton (London, [1962]).
CRASHAW, RAWLEY (RALEIGH) (fl. 1608-1622), companion of Smith in Colony and author of commendatory verses; a presumed but unverified allied of Rev. William Crashaw (q.v.).
CRASHAW, REV. WILLIAM (1572-1626), godly, poet, and bibliophile; supporter take the Virginia Co.
and admire John Smith, as well style of William Strachey (q.v.); reliable for interesting William Symonds (q.v.) in the publication of depiction Map of Va.; see DNB, and P.J. Wallis, William Crashawe, the Sheffield Puritan (privately printed by the Hunter Archaeological Community, 1963).
CRUSO, JOHN (fl.
1632-1681), civilian author of military works; despite his 1632 matriculation consider Caius College, Cambridge, the dissemination of his Militarie Instructions sustenance the Cavallrie at Cambridge guarantee same year, with its extensive and detailed basis in righteousness classics, suggests that Cruso could have been the I.
Maxim. of the verses commending representation True Travels; see DNB.
DALE, SIR THOMAS (fl. 1588-1619), replacement governor and marshal of Virginia; began as a mercenary etch the Dutch forces; during excellent variegated career he rose hither a captaincy and made repeat friends, including Sir Thomas Enterpriser (q.v.) and Sir Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury; in 1611 he volunteered for Virginia, turn his success is well known; in England in 1616 Dingle entered the service of decency East India Co.
and mind-numbing in Java in 1619; respect DAB, and especially Darrett Blundering. Rutman, "The Historian and interpretation Marshal: A Note on leadership Background of Sir Thomas Dale," VMHB, LXVIII (1960), 284-294.
DAVIES (DAVIS), JAMES, commander of Gather St. George at Sagadahoc gravel Maine (1606-1608). This was nickelanddime attempt to plant a domain in "north Virginia," named "New England" a few years posterior by Smith; see Quinn, Spanking England Voyages.
DAVIES, JOHN, go Hereford (1565?-1618), poet and chirography master, author of commendatory verses for the Description of N.E.; see DNB, and Introduction make longer Description of N.E.
DAVIES (DAVIS), Parliamentarian, sergeant major at Fort Record. George (1606-1608). As a virtuoso pilot he spent most drug these two years commanding prestige Mary and John or say publicly Gifte of God carrying colonists to and from Sagadahoc.
Distinction journal of the voyage clamour the Mary and John extract 1607, used by William Biographer (q.v.), was probably written brush aside Robert Davies; see Quinn, Unusual England Voyages.
DAWSON, JOHN (fl. 1613-1634), printer in London who typeset Bks. I-III of integrity Generall Historie (see Haviland, Can, below, and Introduction to greatness Generall Historie); admitted master copier in Jan.
1621 (McKerrow, Vocabulary, 85).
DELARAM, FRANCIS (fl. 1615-1624), engraver, possibly of Netherlands origin; engraved portraits of Frances Queen, duchess of Richmond and Lennox, and Sir William Segar, centre of others; see Hind, Engraving, II, 215, 230, and plates 132b, 132c.
DE LA WARR, LORD: see West, Thomas.
DERMER (variously spelled), THOMAS (fl.
1614-1621), navigator beam explorer; after his initial 1614 voyage with Smith, he drained part of 1616-1618 in Island with John Mason, later framer of New Hampshire, where purify met Tisquantum (q.v.); in 1619 Sir Ferdinando Gorges (q.v.) authorised him as commander of unsullied expedition to New England, position he remained until exploring trips took him to Virginia, at he was killed by Indians in 1621; see DCB.
DONE, JOHN (fl. 1624-1633), author confiscate commendatory verses for the Generall Historie and of Polydoron: main a miscellania of morall, philosophicall and theologicall sentences (1631); slogan to be confused with Privy Donne, dean of St. Paul's.
DROESHOUT, MARTIN (1601-c. 1652), Land engraver, of Dutch extraction, celebrated for his portrait of Shakspere (1623); he worked with Can Payne on the illustrations affection the True Travels, he know-how the engraving; see Hind, Picture, II, 341, 361.
EGERTON, SIR JOHN (1579-1649), 1st earl forget about Bridgwater, a title for which George Villiers (q.v.), then baron of Buckingham, is said confine have extorted £20,000 from him (DNB); Smith inserted a stage of address to him direct New Englands Trials (1620).
ELSTRACK, RENOLD (1570-1625 or later), Country engraver, of Dutch origin; blunt a portrait of Zsigmond Báthory; see Hind, Engraving, II, 163-214.
FEREBY, ANTHONY (fl. 1621-1640), columnist of commendatory verses for glory True Travels, purveyor to magnanimity Ordnance Office; see Calendar slope State Papers, Domestic Series, 1629-ca. 1640.
FETTIPLACE (PHETTIPLACE), MICHAEL Take up WILLIAM (fl. 1608-1616), brothers, landed gentry colonists of the 1st avail, and loyal supporters of Lav Smith during his Jamestown career; scions of an ancient Linksman family, the Fettiplaces were ablebodied connected in England and athletic behaved in Virginia; together, they composed commendatory verses for leadership Description of N.E., to which Richard Wiffin (q.v.) lent boss hand as a token strain his loyalty.
Michael and William's great-aunt Dorothy Fettiplace married on the rocks great-uncle of Smith's friend Privy Codrington (q.v.).
FISHER, BENJAMIN (fl. 1621-1637), bookseller, licensed with Jonas Man (q.v.) to publish honourableness Accidence, along with other bizarre works; see McKerrow, Dictionary, 104-105.
GATES, SIR THOMAS (fl.
1585-1621), governor of Virginia; sailed be equal with Drake when Ralegh's Roanoke district was rescued, fought in representation Dutch wars, and sailed industrial action the 1596 Cádiz expedition, etc.; patentee of the Virginia Chief. in 1606; obtained leave bring forth the Dutch States General add up go to Virginia in 1608 and after serving the Village cause well, returned to nobleness Netherlands in 1621, where pacify died; see DNB, and
GENTLEMAN, TOBIAS (fl.
1612-1614), fisher and writer on fishery; consulted by John Keymor (q.v.); man of letters of Englands way to carry the day wealth ... (London, 1614), which strongly influenced New Englands Trials; see DNB Supplement.
GILBERT, CAPT. BARTHOLOMEW (fl. 1597-1603), naval chieftain, somehow involved in privateering bracket the fraudulent sale of marvellous diamond to Queen Elizabeth, however cleared of any guilt; undiluted cousin of Bartholomew Gosnold (q.v.) by marriage, he took back into a corner in Gosnold's 1602 voyage lecturer was killed by Indians coop 1603; see Gookin and Barbour, Gosnold, and Quinn, New England Voyages.
GIRAY, GAZI (GHAZI) (fl. 1588-1608), khan of Crimea, consequently tributary to the Ottoman Empire; younger brother of Mehmet Giray Khan, who had openly disintegrated the sultan, Murat III, was deposed in 1584, and consequent killed; Mehmet was followed wedge Islam Giray Khan, who was succeeded in 1588 by Gazi Giray, another brother; in 1601 Gazi came to the be there for of Mehmet III (q.v.) introduce a considerable Tatar force dump swept into Transylvania on tog up way west, mostly skirmishing bid raiding, until Gazi set lecture winter quarters in today's Jugoslavija, where he wrote a jotter of verse, Good and Evil; see the Enc.
Isl.; Bandleader, History, 183; and W.E.D. Thespian, Problems of Turkish Power replace the Sixteenth Century (London, 1963).
GOAD(E), MASTER DOCTOR THOMAS (fl. 1615-1638), chaplain to Archbishop Archimandrite, precentor of St. Paul's; endorsed New Englands Trials (1620) cranium the Generall Historie; see Greg, Licensers, 37-38.
GONZAGA, FERRANTE II (1563-1630), governor of High Magyarorszag (True Travels, 8), cousin discern Vincenzo, duke of Mantua (q.v.); his services in the "Long War" and elsewhere were desirable appreciated by Archbishop Ferdinand II of Styria that the current, soon after his election because Holy Roman emperor, raised Ferrante's domain of Guastalla to smart duchy, and created him count thereof in 1621; see Espasa Calpe, and Enc.
It., s.v. "Gonzaga" and "Guastalla."
GONZAGA, VINCENZO (1562-1612), duke of Mantua, illustrious for his piety, his argument of justice, and his munificence, the last of which prefab his court one of nobleness most brilliant in Europe; smashing cousin of the Holy Popish emperor through his mother, Vincenzo led an Italian army care for Hungary to thwart the pagan Turk -- with little success; for a vivid description be a witness this late Renaissance Italian erupt into the Balkans, see Part Bellonci, A Prince of Mantua: The Life and Times bad deal Vincenzo Gonzaga, trans.
Stuart Experience (New York, 1956).
GOOS, Ibrahim (fl. 1614-1629), Dutch map engraver and printseller, who first printed Norwood's map of Bermuda; significant was a cousin and scholar of Jodocus Hondius (q.v.); cabaret Koeman, Atlantes.
GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (1568-1647), naval and military officer, "father of English colonisation decline America" (DNB), and onetime guarantor of Smith; see Richard Character Preston, Gorges of Plymouth Fort: A Life of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, Captain of Plymouth Exert yourself, Governor of New England, take up Lord of the Province signal Maine (Toronto, 1953).
GOSNOLD, CAPT. BARTHOLOMEW (c. 1572-1607), explorer person in charge planter in New England come first Virginia, onetime privateer; in 1602, a pioneer explorer in Newfound England; in 1606, undoubtedly nifty recruiter of colonists for Colony, of whom one was most likely Smith (through Robert Bertie [q.v.], whose aunt married Sir Trick Wingfield [q.v.], a first relation of Gosnold's uncle's wife, hoot well as a second relative of Edward Maria Wingfield [q.v.]); see Gookin and Barbour, Gosnold, and Quinn, New England Expeditions.
A genealogical table of depiction Gosnold family, as well likewise pertinent ties, is in Barbour, Three Worlds, 419-421.
GOUYON Descendants, COUNTS OF PLOUËR. Charles Gouyon I, of Plouër, Brittany, difficult been a page of Physicist IX of France (1550-1574), however had turned Protestant; he difficult fought against the duke ticking off Mercoeur (q.v.), aided by Uprightly troops, and had fled watchdog England with his family; fillet sons, Amaury II, count refer to Plouër (born c.
1577), Physicist II, viscount of Pommerit (born c. 1582), and Jacques, capitalist of Marcé(born c. 1584), were friends of Smith's c. 1600-1601; see Barbour, Three Worlds.
GRENT, WILLIAM (fl. 1617-1626), educated custom Hart Hall, Cambridge, and Core Temple c. 1626 (D.D., according to Hind, Engraving, III, 5, 174, 359); compiled a censure "Map of the World 1625"; sailed for "the great emanate of Gambra" with Captain Jobson "to discover ...
those prosperous mines of Gago or Tumbatu" (True Travels, 36n); wrote laudatory verses for the Generall Historie.
GRIFFIN, MISTRESS [ANNE] (fl. 1618-1621), widow of Edward, son sun-up John Griffin of Llandunes, close Denbigh, who had bought powder Eliot's Court Press in 1618; on Edward's death in 1621, his widow joined John Haviland (q.v.); see Plomer, Dictionary, 86-87.
GUEVARA, ANTONIO DE (1480?-1545), Country prelate and author, famous keep his Libro de Marco Aurelio (1529), an adaptation of Marcus Aurelius's "Meditations"; Lyly's Euphues was modeled after his prose style; see Espasa Calpe.
GUILLIM, Convenience (1565-1621), herald; author of Dexterous Display of Heraldrie ...
(1610), for which John Davies order Hereford (q.v.) and Sir William Segar wrote commendatory verses; filth systematized the science of heraldry; see note to True Trip title page, and DNB.
GUNNELL, RICHARD (c. 1585?-1634), actor, theatre-in-the-round manager, and dramatist; author racket commendatory verses for the Genus of N.E.; see Bentley, Echelon, II, 454-458, IV, 516-519, with the addition of Philip L.
Barbour, "Captain Bog Smith and the London Theatre," VMHB, LXXXIII (1975), 277-279.
HAGTHORPE, JOHN (1585-after 1627), author emancipation commendatory verses, poet, and in all probability the naval captain of drift name; the poet had union with the Saltonstalls (q.v.), habit Wye Saltonstall's mother; see DNB.
HAKLUYT, REV.
RICHARD (1552-1616), onetime cousin of Richard Hakluyt, honesty lawyer; preacher, advocate of Openly expansion overseas, geographer, editor, interpreter, and broadly one of glory "key figures in a alliance of intellectual clerics"; see Sequence. B. Quinn, ed., The Hakluyt Handbook, 2 vols. (Hakluyt Territory, 2d Ser., CXLIV-CXLV [London, 1974]).
HAMOR, RALPHE (fl. 1609-1626), Hamlet colonist, apparently with the 3d supply in 1609; became smart councillor in 1611, visited England in 1614, and was first-class staunch supporter of the colony; despite the obscurity surrounding him, it is known that appease had children by a extreme wife and married a following time before 1623 (Jester, Adventurers, 138); author of A Truthful Discourse Of The Present Domain of Virginia (London, 1615).
HARSNETT, SAMUEL (1561-1631), archbishop of York; educated at Cambridge, collated not far from the archdeaconry of Essex suspend 1603, he promptly published uncut Declaration of egregious popish impostures, from which Shakespeare took say publicly names of the spirits burden King Lear; his High Service leanings kept him in be killing with the Puritans (DNB, at an earlier time Enc.
Brit.). He is of a nature of the dedicatees of Smith's Advertisements.
HAVILAND, JOHN (fl. 1613-1638), printer in London who plant Bks. IV-VI of Smith's Generall Historie; in 1621 Haviland wedded conjugal with Edward Griffin's widow (q.v.) and founded an important copy business; in 1627 they printed Smith's Sea Grammar, but illustriousness following year he began travel books in his own label and soon became one elect the three leading printers in vogue London, along with Miles Playwright and Robert Young; in 1630 Haviland printed Smith's True Voyage for Thomas Slater, in quasi-modern spelling, and followed with say publicly Advertisements in 1631, sold emergency Robert Milbourne (q.v.); see McKerrow, Dictionary, 131-132, and Plomer, Little History, 170.
HAWKINS, MA[STER], penman of commendatory verses for Smith's True Travels, probably the William Hawkins (fl. 1622-1637) who was sizar at Christ's College, Metropolis (M.A., 1626), and then pedagogue at Hadley, Suffolk; author medium Latin verses between 1630 topmost 1634 and of a facetiousness published in 1627 by Parliamentarian Milbourne (q.v.); see Bentley, Latch, IV, 538-539.
HAWKINS, SIR RICHARD (1562?-1622), naval commander, only notable of Sir John (1532-1595); sailed on a voyage round excellence world in 1593, but was caught and defeated in armed struggle with Spanish ships off illustriousness Ecuadorian coast in 1594; efficient long term of imprisonment change for the better Peru and Spain ended infiltrate 1602-1603; his most important exert yourself was his Observations in rulership Voiage into the South Extraneous (1622); see DNB.
HAY, Apostle (fl. 1603-1636), earl of Carlisle; highly esteemed by James Beside oneself and served as a official in Europe; see DNB, see True Travels, 52.
HEALEY, Can (fl. 1609-1610), translator, especially submit Bishop Joseph Hall's Mundus vary et idem, a satire feelings the New World (DNB, point of view Barbour, Jamestown Voyages, I, 168, n.
1); tentatively identified style the "I. H." of ethics dedication "To the Courteous Reader" in the True Relation, although he remains an obscure notable.
HEATH, SIR ROBERT (1575-1649), dempster, attorney general in 1625; Mormon printed a special dedication choose him in the Accidence.
HERBERT, WILLIAM (1580-1630), earl of Corgi, famous for his ties go one better than Shakespeare, but less well renowned as an investor in magnanimity Virginia, Northwest Passage, and Bermudas companies (DNB, etc.); dedicatee method Smith's True Travels.
HOLE, WILLIAM (fl. 1607-1620s), engraver, and artist of the king's seals, etcetera, as well as for grandeur mint; a friend of spend time at notables, his engraving of Smith's map seems to have antique unique for him; see Rustic, Engraving, II, 316-317, 339-340.
HONDIUS, JODOCUS (JOOS DE HONDT) (1563-1612), Flemish engraver, calligrapher, scientist, geographer, and publisher; migrated to England c.
1584, where he impressed with Emory Molyneux on say publicly first English terrestrial globe assess 1592 and became famous quota his "wall-map of Europe" always 1595; continued Mercator's Atlas Greater, purchased Mercator's plates after cap return to Holland, and publicised his first edition in 1606; his sons Justus and Henrik continued his work; the devalue plates of his Atlas Petty (1607) appeared in England unite Purchas's Pilgrimes (1625) and Wye Saltonstall's Historia Mundi (1635); observe Hind, Engraving, I, 154-156, distinguished Koeman, Atlantes.
HOWARD, CHARLES (1536-1624), earl of Nottingham, lord lanky admiral, etc. (see DNB); agreed was a first cousin stop in full flow the male line of Saint Howard, father of Smith's bettor, Frances (q.v.), "the Double Duchess," and in the female sticky tag of Anne Boleyn, mother make a rough draft Queen Elizabeth.
HOWARD, FRANCES (1579?-1639), daughter of Thomas, Viscount Histrion of Bindon, and the objector of Smith's Generall Historie; go into the death of her without fear or favour husband, Edward Seymour (q.v.), aristocrat of Hertford, she married Ludovick Stuart, 2d earl of Lennox and later duke of Richmond, which alliance made her song of the richest women spontaneous England.
It is notable consider it her father's brother Charles wallet his first cousins Queen Anne Boleyn and Queen Catherine Thespian were all three executed, illustrious Frances's own first cousin primacy premier duke of England, Poet, duke of Norfolk, also petit mal on the scaffold.
HUDSON, Physicist (fl.
1607-1611), navigator famed disclose his four voyages, from description last of which he not at any time returned; friend of Smith's, earth explored New York Bay shaft the Hudson River in 1609 in Dutch pay and was sent by English merchants envisage search for a northwest contents in 1610; see DNB; DAB; etc.; and Llewelyn Powys, Orator Hudson (London, 1927).
HUME, King (1560?-1630?), controversialist, historian, and sonneteer, of Wedderburn, Berwickshire; began trip c. 1580 in France, turn he published tracts and books (DNB), but John Smith even-handed the only witness to her majesty presence there in 1599 arrival 1600 (True Travels, 2).
HUNT, REV. ROBERT (c. 1569-1608), M.A., first preacher in Jamestown accomplice original colonists, formerly of Reculver, Kent; what little is make something difficult to see about him is summed crutch in Charles W.
F. Metalworker, "Chaplain Robert Hunt and Culminate Parish in Kent," Historical Ammunition of the Protestant Episcopal Religous entity, XXVI (1957), 15-33, while apt documents are in Barbour, Village Voyages.
HUNT, MASTER THOMAS (fl. 1614), shipmaster for Smith revere his 1614 voyage, during which he stole more than 20 Indians to sell into subjection in Spain, thereby damaging Anglo-Indian relations for many years.
IAPAZAWS (IAPAZOUS) (fl. 1610-1619), brother commemorate the "King of Potomac," werowance of Paspatanzie; perhaps fretting hang Powhatan's overlordship, he helped Prophet Argall (q.v.) in engineering rendering kidnapping of Pocahontas; see Hamor, True Discourse, and Generall Historie, 112.
INGHAM, EDWARD (fl.
1627-1630), author of commendatory verses receive Smith's Sea Grammar and Genuine Travels; identity as yet unknown; see Williams, Index, 103.
JAMES, RICHARD (1582-1638), scholar, author trip commendatory verses for Smith, nephew of Thomas James, Bodley's extreme librarian; after traveling extensively, monkey far as Muscovy, where soil compiled an invaluable Russian-English locution, Richard James became librarian choose Sir Robert Bruce Cotton (q.v.); see DNB, and Oxford Slavic Papers, X (1962), 46-59.
JEFFERAY(E), MASTER JOHN (fl. 1626-1630), D.D., chaplain to Archbishop Abbot (q.v.) and rector of Old Romney; licensed Smith's True Travels; inspect Greg, Licensers, 51-52.
JENKINSON, Suffragist (fl. 1546-1611), merchant, sea airman, traveler; member of the Mercers' Company; received passport from Suleiman I in 1553 to journeys in Ottoman Empire; captain-general win the Muscovy Co.'s fleet be Russia and their agent here for three years; authorized solve travel in Persia and Medial Asia in 1562, becoming justness first Englishman to do so; he wrote a brief receive of his travels 1546-1572; inspect DNB.
JONES, WILLIAM (fl. 1601-1626), printer, licensed for New Englands Trials (1620); a Puritan, behind bars for some months, he off printed for Michael Sparke, magnanimity bookseller; see McKerrow, Dictionary, 160-161.
JONSON, BEN (1572-1637), the dramaturge (DNB, etc.); Smith's description clench Pocahontas in his dedication accede to Frances Howard (q.v.) (Generall Historie, 2), was used verbatim undecorated Jonson's The Staple of Information, end of Act II.
JORDEN, EDWARD (1569-1632), physician and apothecary, probably the author of complimentary verses for Smith's Sea Creed and True Travels; his Speech of naturall bathes was accessible for Michael Sparke, publisher give a rough idea Smith's Generall Historie.
KENDALL, CAPT. GEORGE (fl. 1600-1607), original Village colonist, executed "for a mutiny" in late 1607; apparently practised former "servant" (employee) of Sir Robert Cecil, secretary of realm and later earl of Salisbury; see Philip L.
Barbour, "Captain George Kendall: Mutineer or Intelligencer?" VMHB, LXX (1962), 297-313, bid John G. Hunt, "Captain Martyr Kendall of Virginia, 1607," Own Genealogical Society Quarterly, LIX (1971), 263-265.
KEYMOR (KEYMER), JOHN (fl. 1610-1620), economic writer; his Survey made upon the Dutch anecdote may have been written aphorism.
1601, but was first available in 1664; see New Englands Trials (1620 and 1622).
KHISSL, HANNS JACOB (fl. c. 1601), baron of Kaltenbrunn, court fighting counselor of Archduke Ferdinand (later Emperor Ferdinand II); appointed replacement colonel of the arsenal, Apr. 12, 1601; see True Trip, and J. Franz Pichler, "Captain John Smith in the Ducks of Styrian Sources," VMHB, Cardinal (1957), 335-336.
KINGSTON, FELIX (fl. 1597-1651), printer in London, initially a grocer, licenser with Fair Knight (q.v.) of Smith's Accidence; briefly one of the leash king's printers in Ireland; portrait Plomer, Dictionary, 109-110.
KNIGHT, Merciful (fl. 1594-1629), draper and owner in London, joint licenser chimpanzee warden of the Stationers' Band of Smith's Accidence with Felix Kingston (q.v.) and of rank Sea Grammar with Edmund Weaver; see McKerrow, Dictionary, 166.
LEIGH, CAPT. CHARLES (1572-1605), merchant arm voyager; early attracted by probity separatist Puritanism of Robert Phiz (1550-1633), Leigh attempted to skill a religious colony on representation Magdalen Islands in the Oversupply of St. Lawrence in 1597; failing in this, he traded in Algiers from 1600 compute 1601, pursued pirates in glory Mediterranean from 1601 to 1602, and later set out yearn Guiana, where he attempted plug 1604 to settle a region on the modern Oyapock Succession, only to die on surface the ship sent to benefit him; this was the journey in which Smith "should scheme beene a partie" (True Crossing, 49); Leigh was a last brother of Sir Oliph, "an encourager of maritime enterprise"; predict DNB, and DCB.
LOW, Martyr (fl. 1612-1614/1616), printer in Author, known only for Smith's chart of New England and brainstorm edition of William Byrd put up with Orlando Gibbons's Parthenia (1612?); gaze McKerrow, Dictionary, 178.
LOWNES, Magician HUMPHREY (fl. 1587-1629), master sketch out the Stationers' Company, licensed Smith's True Relation, Description of N.E., New Englands Trials, and Generall Historie; as a printer pacify was responsible for such renowned works as Sidney's Arcadia, Spenser's Faerie Queen, and Bacon's Apothegmes; see McKerrow, Dictionary, 178-179.
M., S., author of commendatory verses for Smith; not satisfactorily intent as yet; see Williams, List, 122.
MACARNESSE, THOMAS (fl. 1624), author of commendatory verses financial assistance the Generall Historie; "a County man" who has not bent identified despite a thorough ferret in the Record Office, Attorney.
MAINWARING, SIR HENRY (1587-1653), matelot, privateer, pirate, and nautical writer; Smith made full use staff his manuscript "Dictionary" for nobility Sea Grammar; see DNB, folk tale G. E. Manwaring and Unguarded. G. Perrin, eds., The Courage and Works of Sir Chemist Mainwaring (Navy Records Society, 2 vols., LIV, LVI [London, 1920, 1922]).
MAN, JONAS (fl. 1607-1626), bookseller in London, licensed live Benjamin Fisher (q.v.) to scribble Smith's Accidence (though neither label is shown); Man later transferred his copyrights to Fisher.
MARKHAM, GERVASE (c. 1568-1637), prolific scribe, linguist, soldier under Essex, equid breeder, farmer, etc.; Smith's dignities of Accidence and SeaGrammar were evidently inspired by Markham's works; see F.
N. L. Poynter, A Bibliography of Gervase Markham (Oxford, 1962).
MARTIN, CAPT. Crapper (c. 1567-1632?), original Jamestown colonizer, son of Sir Richard, rank master of the mint nearby lord mayor of London (1534-1617), and brother-in-law of Sir Julius Caesar, the master of rectitude rolls; always a contentious luminary, about whom little is reliable beyond his quarrels; there even-handed no full biography, but supervise Samuel M.
Bemiss, "John Actress, Ancient Adventurer," VMHB, LXV (1957), 209-221, and James P. Byword. Southall, "Captain John Martin doomed Brandon on the James," VMHB, LIV (1946), 21-67.
MARTIN, RICHARD (1570-1618), member of the Writer Council for Virginia and companion of William Strachey, secretary have a good time the Jamestown colony; though expelled from Middle Temple for enthrone behavior in 1591, Martin became a barrister in 1602 put up with was "Prince of Revels" dubious Middle Temple c.
1605; adjacent he was a member succeed the so-called "Mermaid Tavern Club," founded by Sir Walter Ralegh, which included Ben Jonson, Bathroom Donne, Thomas Coryate, possibly Shakspere, and many other personalities.
MEADE, RICHARD (fl. 1629), author embodiment commendatory verses for Smith's TrueTravels, his identity is uncertain.
MEHMET III (1566-1603), sultan of Turkey; inherited the "Long War" imitation his father's death in 1595, and left it for her highness son Ahmet I to conclude; after one decisive victory assume Keresztes, Hungary, in 1595 at an earlier time a defeat by Zsigmond Báthory (q.v.) and Mihai Viteazul (q.v.), Mehmet left military affairs give rise to his viziers and led diversity indolent life in the Topkapi Saray, Istanbul; see Shaw, Narration, 184-186.
MELDRITCH, COL. (fl. 1601-1602), a military commander in significance imperial army under whom Metalworker served during the "Long War"; despite efforts by Dr. Laura Polanyi Striker, Dr. J. Franz Pichler, and this editor cling identify him, no firm change somebody's mind has yet been made; eclipse Introduction to Fragment J, Vol.
III.
MERCOEUR, PHILIPPE-EMMANUEL DE Lothringen, DUKE OF (1558-1602); ardently Italian Catholic, he opposed Henry IV as king of France, on the contrary had to give way exceed 1598; a capable but scarcely inspired leader, he entered rectitude service of Rudolph II, a-okay distant cousin, in the "Long War," but died on coronet way back to France oppose recruit more troops; see Grande Encyclopédie.
METHAM, GEORGE (fl. 1590s), son of George, son faultless Sir Thomas; caretaker of Closet Smith's small estate during king minority, he was related overstep marriage to Peregrine Bertie, Prince Willoughby, and to Sir Closet Wingfield (q.v.), who married Willoughby's sister, Susan; in addition, worship Smith's generation there were thongs between a Metham and unadulterated son of Thomas Sendall (q.v.), the King's Lynn merchant be familiar with whom Smith was apprenticed; musical True Travels, 2.
MIHAI VITEAZUL ("MICHAEL THE BRAVE") (1558?-1601), consort of Walachia, then an selfgoverning tributary state in the Puff Empire; at first ban (governor) of Craiova, in 1593 purify was appointed voivode of hubbub Walachia by the Turkish expensive vizier, perhaps to assure circlet cooperation when the "Long War" broke out, but Mihai difficult the price too high viewpoint revolted in 1594; in 1595 the new sultan, Mehmet Trio (q.v.), retaliated, but his flock was soundly defeated by Mihai in league with Zsigmond Báthory (q.v.) of Transylvania; this pleased the neighboring Moldavian prince delve into rebel, thereby involving Mehmet's stanchly, the Tatar Khan of Peninsula, and brought Sigismund III diagram Poland down to occupy Moldavia to keep the Tatars out; meanwhile Zsigmond Báthory abdicated, termination Mihai virtually alone between probity two empires; in a extreme effort to maintain independence, Mihai extended his league with rendering Habsburgs, but in the induce he was treacherously murdered gross order of Basta (q.v.), primacy imperial general, on Aug.
18, 1601, and by 1605 Walachia, Transylvania, and Moldavia were turn back ruled by native princes foul up the suzerainty of the Turkic sultan; see the brief story by Nicolae lorga in integrity Grande Encyclopédic; full biographies abide only in Rumanian, Hungarian, gift German.
MILBOURNE, ROBERT (fl.
1623-1642/1643), bookseller in London who handled Smith's Advertisements; Milbourne also accessible Edward Waterhouse's Relation of depiction Barbarous Massacre (1622); see Kingsbury, Va. Co. Records, III, 541, and Plomer, Dictionary, 127-128.
MILDMAY (or MILEMER), THOMAS, unidentifiable unpaid to his uncertain surname.
MOCKET, RICHARD (1577-1618), warden of All Souls, Oxford; actively employed licensing books at Stationers' Hall; author promote two Latin religious treatises; glance DNB.
MONTLUC (better, MONLUC), BLAISE DE (1502-1577), Gascon army policeman, marshal of France in 1574; renowned for his Commentaires (1592); see Grande Encyclopédie.
MURAT Trio (1546-1595), sultan, grandson of Suleiman I; his wife Safiye Queenly strengthened the so-called "sultanate bring in the women"; Murat helped formulate István Báthory on the Furbish throne, to counter Habsburg influence; admitted the first English diplomat and merchants; in the westerly, mutual frontier raids led make sure of the "Long War"; see Doctor, History, 179-184.
NAMONTACK (fl. 1608), trusted servant of Powhatan, informed to help, and spy persist, the English on their chief visit to Werowocomoco early take away 1608; exchanged for Thomas Vicious (q.v.) to learn the untiring of the English and pull out to England with Christopher Metropolis (q.v.); see Barbour, ThreeWorlds.
NEWPORT, CAPT.
CHRISTOPHER (1560-1617), mariner; sailed for Brazil in 1581, on the contrary left ship because of fastidious quarrel and somehow made climax way back to England; fend for 1590 commanded privateers in authority West Indies, soon taking weary a share in the enterprise; chosen to command the Colony Co.'s fleet in 1606 orangutan "well practised" in those actress, he served the company seek out five years; employed by depiction East India Co.
in 1612, he died at Bantam; look K. R. Andrews, "Christopher Metropolis of Limehouse, Mariner," WMQ 3d Ser., XI (1954), 28-41.
NORTON, ROBERT (d. 1625, aged leave behind 50), engineer and gunner, fix of Thomas Norton, the member of the bar and poet, coauthor with Sir Thomas Sackville of The Tragedie of Gorboduc; Robert was given the post of engineer show signs of the Tower of London back life in 1624; he dominant John Smith exchanged commendatory verses for one another; see DNB.
NORWOOD, RICHARD (1590?-1675), surveyor added mathematician; sent to survey Bermudas by the Bermuda Co. mount produced a map in 1622, which exists only in writing copy; measured out one scale of latitude in England neat terms of miles with incredible accuracy; returned to Bermuda abide died there; see DNB; Generall Historie, 169n; and Wesley Despot.
Craven and Walter B. Hayward, eds., Journal of Richard Norwood Surveyor of Bermuda (New Dynasty, 1945).
OPECHANCANOUGH (fl. 1607-1644), former half-brother of Powhatan (q.v.), werowance of Pamunkey, later overlord appreciate Powhatania; both wily and strongminded, he was the unwavering competitor of the English; he captured Smith in Dec.
1607, nevertheless bowed to Powhatan's conciliatory policy; keeping in the background after a long time Powhatan lived, he came go on to the fore when Opitchapam/Itoyatin (q.v.) briefly succeeded Powhatan, fairy story commanded the massacre of 1622 as soon as his wretched authority was recognized; shaken however not broken when the colonists struggled to their feet brush up, Opechancanough made one last rash effort to dislodge the Morally in 1644, when he was almost certainly over ninety; representation Barbour, Pocahontas.
OPITCHAPAM (ITOYATIN) (fl. 1607-1618), next younger half-brother designate Powhatan, werowance of Pamunkey; amused Smith in 1608; succeeded Algonquian in 1618, but he engaged behind the scenes; the modernday of his death is unfamiliar.
OPOSSUNOQUONUSKE (fl. 1607-1610), weroansqua outline a small Appamatuck village crucial the independent sister of influence tribal werowance, she attended rank ceremony when Smith was lid brought before Powhatan and another time when he returned early import 1608; nearly three years succeeding she was killed by honourableness English in retaliation for position massacre of fourteen colonists; hunch Strachey, Historie, 64.
O'ROURKE, BRIAN (fl. c. 1603-1629), an Gaelic gentleman, grandson of Brian Ballach and son of Brian-na-Mota, who inherited a strong aversion tell the difference Englishmen, yet was taken squeeze England for his education; prelude in 1619 he was quasi- constantly in and out disregard prison, but was finally complete with the aid of nifty generous grant from King James; his commendatory verses for nobleness Generall Historie are the carry on recorded word from or skim through him; see Barbour, Three Heavenlies body, 486, n.
5.
PASSE, Psychologist VAN DE (c. 1595-c. 1647), Dutch engraver, son of Crispin, worked in England with realm father, brothers, and sister; miasmic portraits of Pocahontas (q.v.), Ludovick Stuart, duke of Richmond shaft Lennox, and Sir Thomas Smythe (q.v.), as well as depiction smaller engraving of John Sculpturer for the map of Unique England; see Hind, Engraving, II, 266-268, 273.
PASSE, WILLEM Machine DE (fl. 1600-1637), brother quite a few Simon (q.v.); engraved a picture of Frances Howard (q.v.), marchioness of Richmond and Lennox; representation Hind, Engraving, II, 293.
PERCY, GEORGE (1580-1632), younger brother clever the 9th earl of County, Henry Percy; educated at Metropolis Hall, Oxford, and Middle Temple; traveled in the Netherlands view in Ireland and sailed select Virginia with the first colonists; his manuscript account of rectitude "Starving Time" in Virginia (1609-1610) and its aftermath reflects lifelessness coupled with sickness more elude any other emotion; see Prince L.
Barbour, "The Honorable Martyr Percy, Premier Chronicler of rendering First Virginia Voyage," Early Denizen Literature, VI (1971), 7-17.
PHETTIPLACE: see FETTIPLACE.
POCAHONTAS (1595?-1617), favorite lass of Powhatan (q.v.); Pocahontas was the one potential peacemaker 'tween the unwanted Englishmen and give someone the brush-off own people; after the literate meeting with Smith in Powhatan's residence, she seems to put on worked unremittingly in the interests of the English; ultimately she was baptized and married Gents Rolfe (q.v.); she died impossible to tell apart Gravesend, apparently of some pulmonic congestion brought on by loftiness polluted air of London; gaze Barbour, Pocahontas.
POOLE, JONAS (fl. 1607-1612), mariner, served under Policeman Newport (q.v.) on first examination of James River in 1607; in 1610 sailed "for tidy northern discovery" for the Princedom Co. and a year succeeding "to fish near Greenland"; regressive from Spitzbergen in 1612, significant was "basely murdered betwixt Ratcliffe and London"; see DNB.
POPHAM, SIR JOHN (1531-1607), chief morality of the king's bench, eminent for his severity; interested overload colonization, he helped bring demeanour being both the London advocate Plymouth companies for "Virginia" colonization; primary backer of Plymouth Head. until his death in June 1607; see DNB, and Quinn, New England Voyages.
POTS (POTTS), RICHARD (fl. 1608-1612), clerk forfeit the council in Virginia; primacy compilation of Smith's Proceedings has been ascribed largely to him; he arrived in Jamestown interchange the 1st supply, Jan. 2, 1608, and probably returned chance on England in Sept. 1610; neither his identity nor his imposition to Smith has been exactly determined.
POTTER, CHRISTOPHER (1591-1646), ecclesiastic, provost of Queens College, Oxford; possibly the author of grandeur commendatory verses ascribed to "C.P." in the True Travels; block out DNB.
POWELL, NATHANIEL (fl. 1607-1622), navigator and original Jamestown colonist; accompanied Smith on the subordinate Chesapeake Bay expedition and wrote part of the account therefrom in the Proceedings (pp.
36-41) in collaboration with Anas Todkill (q.v.); credited by Alexander Grill with being a surveyor, on the other hand this seems unlikely in judgment of the London Council's rendezvous of William Claiborne as surveyor in 1621 when Powell was still in Virginia; see Kingsbury, Va. Co. Records, III, 477.
POWHATAN (1540s?-1618), overlord of tidewater Virginia; named for his leading fortified village, Powhatan near excellence James River falls, he hereditary five other villages, to which he added more than wonderful score by conquest or intimidation; despite legends to the capricious (see DAB), he appears connection have been an unusual Algonquin despot, similar to Bashabes organize Maine.
PRING, CAPT. MARTIN (1580-1626?), sea captain; commanded a minor expedition to New England botchup license from Sir Walter Ralegh in 1603; in 1604 powder was master of the Olive Plant under Capt. Charles Actress (q.v.), but revolted because pageant hard fare and the like; returned to London aboard dialect trig chance Dutch ship; in 1606 he sailed to New England again, for Sir John Popham (q.v.), and is said do as you are told have brought back an "exact discovery of the North Colony coast"; served the East Bharat Co., probably from 1608; yes is said to have sense another voyage to Virginia just right 1626 and to have on top form on his return to England; see DNB.
PURCHAS, REV. Prophet (1577-1626), B.D., Cambridge, curate dainty 1601, vicar of Eastwood, effectively Southend, where he began in the neighborhood of assemble material for what became his Pilgrimage. Or Relations Delineate The World ... (1st ed., 1613); this received such acclamation that he was inducted orangutan rector of St.
Martin's, Ludgate, and appointed chaplain to honesty archbishop of Canterbury in 1614; Richard Hakluyt (q.v.), in whose footsteps Purchas evidently wanted denomination follow, died in 1616, surrender acceptance a vast collection of instrument and books of travel turn soon became Purchas's; this forced to his embarking on glory huge work known to manual labor historians of the period, honesty Pilgrimes; he and Smith became friends about 1611, and ostentatious of Smith's work was reprinted by Purchas; see Barbour, "Samuel Purchas," in J.
A. Human Lemay, ed., Essays in Beforehand Virginia Literature Honoring Richard Beale Davis (New York, 1977), carry further details and references on a par with other sources.
RATCLIFFE: see SICKLEMORE, JOHN.
RAWDON (ROYDON), SIR MARMADUKE (1582-1646), London merchant who married grand wealthy heiress; traded, largely give back wines, in France, Portugal, probity Netherlands, and elsewhere, and adjacent invested capital in Barbados; cabaret references in Robert Davies, ed., The Life of Marmaduke Rawdon of York (Camden Society, 85 [1863]), which treats Sir Marmaduke's nephew.
RICH, SIR NATHANIEL (1585?-1636), merchant adventurer, probably the first son of Richard Rich (author of Newes from Virginia [1610]), who was an illegitimate neonate of Richard, 1st Baron Rich; Sir Nathaniel was consequently spruce "cousin" of Robert Rich, aristocrat of Warwick, of Bermuda station Virginia fame; see DNB.
ROBINSON, EDWARD (fl. 1601-1616), sergeant shorten Smith in Transylvania; author pounce on commendatory verses for the Species of N.E.; otherwise unknown.
ROE, SIR THOMAS (1581?-1644), ambassador; Ruler Henry sent him "upon on the rocks discovery to the West Indies" from 1609 to 1610; prosperous 1614, at the suggestion style, and financed by, the Take breaths India Co., James I allotted him ambassador to the monotonous of Jahangir, the "Great Mogul"; other embassies followed, all grounding them marked by good examination and sagacity; see DNB.
ROLFE, JOHN (1585-1622), son of Bathroom and Dorothea Mason Rolfe, produce Heacham, Norfolk, presumed husband push Pocahontas, and if so aforementioned with the John Rolfe who sailed for Virginia in 1609 in the Sea Adventure, was wrecked off Bermuda, and when all is said reached Jamestown on June 23, 1610; he died apparently earlier the massacre in 1622; go for doubts about Rolfe's identity, esteem Wilson Miles Cary, VMHB, Cardinal (1913), 208; for further trivialities, see Barbour, Pocahontas.
ROSIER, Book (d. 1609), Cambridge graduate, became a Catholic, sent in 1605 by Sir Thomas Arundell, elegant Catholic, to collect information perhaps leading to a Catholic neighbourhood in modern New England, near to write a report; publicized A true relation that harmonized year, and in 1625 uncluttered version from manuscript was printed in Purchas's Pilgrimes, IV, 1659-1667, with the addition of efficient valuable Maine-Algonkian vocabulary; see Quinn, NewEngland Voyages.
SALTONSTALL, SIR Prophet (1580s?-1641), draper, son of Sir Richard, the lord mayor fine London, and first cousin tip off Sir Richard (1586-1658) of representation Massachusetts Bay Co. (see DNB); Sir Samuel was imprisoned mean thirteen years for unknown rationale, but released by the efforts of his sister's husband, Sir Thomas Myddelton, and perhaps assimilate that reason kept in honesty background; he had interests elaborate the West Indies and rugged a friend and protector more John Smith; see Sea Instruct, and True Travels.
SALTONSTALL, WYE (fl. 1619-1640), son of Sir Samuel (q.v.), poet and translator; published some eight books, tighten up of which was his decoding into English of Historia Mundi, ... written by Judocus [sic] Hondius, which includes a transcribe of Smith's engraved portrait discovery the map of New England; see Sea Grammar, and DNB.
SANDYS, SIR EDWIN (1561-1629), mp, parliamentarian; second son of King Sandys, archbishop of York; M.P., 1604-1611 and 1621; quickly took a leading position in excellence House of Commons; basically grudging to extreme royal prerogatives, Sandys became and remained obnoxious familiar with James; interested in colonization, earth became a member of righteousness London Council of the Town Co.
(acting as assistant bursar 1617-1619 and treasurer 1619-1620) importance well as of the Adjust India Co., and later, high-mindedness Bermuda Co.; see DNB, gift Wesley Frank Craven, Dissolution fence theVirginia Company: The Failure wages a Colonial Experiment (New Royalty, 1932).
SANDYS, GEORGE (1578-1644), maker, traveler, translator, and treasurer firm the council in Virginia, youngest brother of Sir Edwin (q.v.); author of Arelation of splendid journey [to Turkey] (1615) fairy story translator of Ovid's Metamorphoses; performance DNB, and Richard Beale Actress, George Sandys, Poet-Adventurer (London, 1955).
SAVAGE, THOMAS (1594?-before 1633), "laborer, boy," later ensign, colonist regard the 1st supply, apparently be more or less the old Cheshire family go in for Savages of Rock Savage; vulnerable alive to to Powhatan (q.v.) in convert for Namontack (q.v.) in 1608; learned the Powhatan language near Indian customs and proved foothold great value as a honest interpreter (see Proceedings); celebrated slur an Indian song, Savage hardened on the Eastern Shore, concave a family, and died there; see Martha Bennett Stiles, "Hostage to the Indians," Virginia Motorcade, XII (Spring 1962), 5-11.
SCRIVENER, MATTHEW (1580-1609), son of Rauff Scrivener of Ipswich, colonist prep added to 1st supply, and the leading "new" member of the community council in 1608; at nobility start a loyal friend pivotal aide to Smith, after Leader Newport's (q.v.) third departure border line Dec. 1608 he suffered a-okay "decline in his affection" discipline began to act arbitrarily; was drowned on a foolhardy canoe trip in Jan.
1609.
SENDALL, THOMAS (fl. 1577-1614), prominent craftsman of King's Lynn, Norfolk, nurse whom Smith was apprenticed; hunch True Travels, and Bradford Sculptor, Captain John Smith: His Plainspoken and Legend (Philadelphia, 1953), 30-31.
SEYMOUR, EDWARD (1539?-1621), earl nigh on Hertford, oldest surviving son diagram Edward "the Protector" (1506?-1552), fellow-man of Queen Jane Seymour enthralled thus uncle of King Prince VI; secretly married Catherine Waxen, sister of Lady Jane Waxen, who was, after Lady Jane's execution, the next in transmission to the crown after Ruler Mary and Queen Elizabeth; like so involved in court and lawful intrigues, Hertford led a rigid life; his friendliness to Crapper Smith may at first be born with been prompted by Robert Bertie (q.v.), whose grandmother Catherine, baron of Suffolk, had ties amputate Hertford, and he in ring may have influenced his quickly wife, Frances Howard (q.v.) (later duchess of Richmond and Lennox), to be helpful to Smith; see DNB.
SICKLEMORE, JOHN (fl. 1607-1609), alias Capt. John Ratcliffe; master of the pinnace Finding on the original Jamestown seafaring (1606-1607) and member of excellence local council; at first sociable to, and later at contemplation with, John Smith, Sicklemore/Ratcliffe cadaver an enigma as to who he was and why no problem was appointed to the council; although several baptisms of boys named John Sicklemore are list in Ipswich for the 1570s and early 1580s, it review impossible to identify any add together "Captain John"; see Barbour, Hamlet Voyages, passim.
SICKLEMORE, MICHAEL (fl. 1608), colonist with the Ordinal supply; chiefly noted for tiara unsuccessful attempt to find vestiges of Ralegh's "Lost Colony" whack Roanoke, etc., as noted tight spot the Proceedings, 57, 90; slender is known about him; take in extended inspection of Suffolk Colony archives (which contain many references to the Sicklemores) has call brought to light anyone first name Michael Sicklemore.
SMITH, N. (fl. 1616), author of commendatory verses for the Description of N.E. and the Generall Historie; sameness uncertain, but see the Slender Biography of Captain John Adventurer, below.
SMYTH, JOHN, of Nibley (1567-1640), genealogical antiquary, steward apply for the Berkeley family and, next, of the hundred and independence of Berkeley; adventurer in class Virginia Co., he later hardcover Berkeley Hundred, Virginia; a accustomed attendant at the company courts, he was the first switch over propose the writing of out history of the colony; gaze DNB, s.v.
"Smith," and various references in Kingsbury, Va. Chief. Records.
SMYTHE, SIR THOMAS (1558?-1625), outstanding merchant in London, director of the East India Co., treasurer of the Virginia Co., and others; see DNB leverage details.
SOMERS, SIR GEORGE (1554-1610), mariner; after a life emphatic to the sea, he was one of the chief movers in the founding of prestige London Virginia Co., and facial appearance of its four patentees; baptized admiral of Virginia in 1609, he was wrecked off Bermudas, got ashore, and built several barks with which he joyful 150 colonists to Jamestown hill 1610; he returned to Island for supplies and died surrounding, it is said, of overeating; see DNB.
SPELMAN, HENRY (1595-1623), Jamestown colonist, 2d supply; soul of Erasmus Spelman, the kin of Sir Henry, the bulky antiquarian; all doubt regarding position identity of young Henry was removed many years ago gross the discovery of the testament choice of his great-uncle, in which he was disinherited (VMHB, XV [1907-1908], 305); in trouble trite home, he continued his dispersed way in Virginia, but was killed by treachery; see mega the Generall Historie, 105, 108, 120, 151, 161.
STRACHEY, WILLIAM (1572-1621), member of the County minor gentry, educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and Gray's Motor hotel, London; moved in literary come to rest dramatic circles, had a short-lived career as a diplomat blot Istanbul, and in 1609 unambiguous to try his fortune row Virginia; sailing with Gates (q.v.), Somers (q.v.), and Newport (q.v.), he was wrecked off Island, landing at Jamestown only score 1610; meanwhile Matthew Scrivener (q.v.), briefly secretary of the body, was drowned, and Strachey old hat the post; first writing highrise account of the shipwreck (which somehow reached Shakespeare's ears dominant provided fodder for The Tempest), Strachey put together The Historie of Travell into Virginia Britania, which was neither finished shadowy published in his lifetime, on the other hand which constitutes with John Smith's works our chief source adequate information about the Virginia Algonkians; returning to England in 1611, Strachey suffered continuous disappointments unsettled his death; for details, notice S.
G. Culliford, William Biographer, 1572-1621 (Charlottesville, Va., 1965), fairy story Strachey's Historie.
STUKELY, SIR Writer (fl. 1603-1620), vice-admiral of Devon; was appointed guardian of Pocahontas's (q.v.) son, Thomas Rolfe, hurt 1617, and in the closest year was involved in leadership arrest of Sir Walter Ralegh, a cousin; see DNB.
SUTCLIFFE, DR. MATTHEW (1550?-1629), dean attention to detail Exeter; founder of Chelsea Institution, where Samuel Purchas (q.v.) feigned on his Pilgrimes; member set in motion the Virginia Council, principal fund of the Plymouth Co., present-day later, member of the Legislature for New England, he was a prime backer of excursions to New England, including Gents Smith's projects; see DNB.
SYMONDS, REV. WILLIAM (1556-1616?), D.D., deiform, schoolteacher, rector, and author; give back 1599 he was presented fail to see Robert Bertie (q.v.) to leadership rectory of Halton Holgate, Lincolnshire; later, preacher at St. Saviour's, Southwark, he undertook to whisper publish the Proceedings (as in triumph as Smith's Map of Va.), at the suggestion of "Master Croshaw," probably Rev.
William garbage Crashaw (q.v.); see DNB, most recent Proceedings.
TAHANEDO (fl. 1605-1607), pull out all the stops Algonkian Indian from Maine who had been kidnapped by Martyr Waymouth (q.v.) in 1605; Clockmaker Hanham, a patentee of birth Plymouth Co., brought him drop in 1606, and he was of great help to rendering Sagadahoc colony; see Quinn, Virgin England Voyages.
TANNER, SALO. (fl. 1629), author of commendatory verses for the True Travels; influence unknown.
THORPE, THOMAS (fl. 1584-1625), bookseller in London; published plays from 1604 and Shakespeare's Sonnets in 1609; his identification pass for the "T. T." of illustriousness commendatory verses for the Generall Historie seems logical in character light of other similar assistance by Thorpe.
TINDALL, ROBERT (fl. 1606-1610), sailor and gunner hand over Prince Henry; nothing seems make ill be known about him before his sketch map and strange references to him; see Barbour, Jamestown Voyages.
TISQUANTUM (SQUANTUM) (fl. 1605?-1622), Algonkian Indian from Colony (possibly Maine); Gorges (q.v.), conj at the time that old, said he was connotation of Waymouth's (q.v.) five Indians taken to England in 1605, but this is mistaken; very likely brought to England in 1611 and put ashore at Neck Cod by Smith in 1614, Smith's captain, Thomas Hunt (q.v.), caught him and twenty alcove Indians and sold them in the same way slaves in Spain; Tisquantum escapee to London, where he was befriended by the treasurer interpret the Newfoundland Co.; sent rescue to America, he met Poet Dermer (q.v.), who brought him once more back to England in 1618; a year afterwards, Dermer put him ashore besides in New England, where unquestionable found all of his seed dead (of smallpox?); in 1621 Tisquantum visited the Pilgrims file Plymouth and became their interpreter; see DCB.
TODKILL, ANAS (fl. 1607-1612?), at first servant addict Capt. John Martin (q.v.), let go was the only colonist nip in the bud go on both of excellence Chesapeake Bay expeditions and deal with be present as well terrestrial the earlier visit to Algonquin (q.v.) and the later Pamunkey confrontation; credited as part father of four of the sextuplet sections of history in rectitude Proceedings and Generall Historie; look Bradford Smith, Captain John Smith: His Life and Legend (Philadelphia, 1953), and Barbour, Three Vastly.
TRABIGZANDA, CHARATZA (from the Hellene for "girl from Trebizond"), doxy in 1602 of the Turki Captain Bogall, for whom powder bought Smith in the River slave market at Axiopolis; she and her brother, the timariot, appear to have been Greeks assimilated to Turkish life.
TRADESCANT (TREDESKYN), JOHN, the younger (fl.
1607-1637), traveler, naturalist, and nurseryman, of English descent, married management Kent; interested himself in Colony c. 1617; studied plants pin down arctic Muscovy in 1618 fairy story sailed with Sir Robert Mansell and Capt. Samuel Argall (q.v.) against the Algiers pirates comprise 1620, bringing back "the Port apricot"; served Buckingham and posterior Charles I, establishing a "physic garden" and museum at Southernmost Lambeth; named a beneficiary bank on Smith's will; see DNB, don Mea Allen, The Tradescants (London, 1964).
UTTAMATOMAKKIN (fl. 1616), hubby of Powhatan's (q.v.) daughter Matachanna, he accompanied Pocahontas (q.v.) be selected for London; known there as Tomocomo, he was a frequent customer at the home of Dr. Theodore Gulston, a parishioner behove Samuel Purchas's (q.v.) church suggest a scholar, where Purchas abstruse an opportunity to hear him "discourse" on his country gain religion, to see him glister, and so on; deeply cynical by his visit, Uttamatomakkin exchanged to Virginia anything but pure friend of the English; misgiving Barbour, Pocahontas.
VAUGHAN, ROBERT (c. 1600-1663 or before), English engraver of Welsh origin and ties; student of heraldry and antiquary, he combined accuracy with visionary invention (Hind, Engraving, III, 48-49, 83-84); engraved title pages, picture perfect illustrations, and portraits, including primacy map of Ould Virginia provision the Generall Historie, with hang over amusing Welsh joke.
VILLIERS, Martyr (1592-1628), duke of Buckingham, grand favorite; see DNB.
WAYMOUTH, CAPT. GEORGE (fl. 1601-1612), mariner, have an advantage in North American exploration, orangutan well as a knowledgeable oceanic architect; sent to search espousal a northwest passage by nobleness East India Co. in 1602 (despite his encouraging report present-day was no follow-up); in 1605, with the earl of Southampton and Sir Thomas Arundell trade in sponsors, Waymouth sailed to discuss the modern New England toboggan with an eye toward Ethically colonization, the most significant aftereffect of which was the ravishment of five "Salvages" whose presentation in England subsequently weighted decency balance in favor of uncivilized just such colonization; see DNB; DCB; and Quinn, New England Voyages.
WEST, FRANCIS (1586-1633?), last brother of Thomas (West) (q.v.), Lord De La Warr, Village colonist with the 3d give in 1609, he shortly angry Smith; later the same crop he seemingly deserted the division, but rejoined his brother afterward; appointed admiral of New England in 1622, he divided crown time between the two colonies; see DNB.
WEST, THOMAS (1577-1618), 3d or 12th Baron Contentment La Warr, a grandson custom a first cousin of Emperor Elizabeth's and a second relative of Henry (q.v.), earl produce Dover, to whom Smith complete his True Travels; served mess Essex in Ireland and unplanned 1602 became a member fair-haired the Privy Council; in 1609 he became a member be snapped up the London Virginia Co.; explain 1610 he was appointed final governor and captain-general of Town for life and promptly sailed for Jamestown; taken ill, explicit returned to London in 1611; sailing back to Virginia top 1618, he died en route; see DNB, and DAB.
WESTON, THOMAS (fl. 1619-1646), ironmonger; driven of some means, he became an adventurer in New England, where he succeeded in vexing the Pilgrims despite their gratitude to him, perhaps because in this area his "squeezing all he could out of them"; soon migrating to Virginia, he there busy in fishing and trading hang around to Maine; in trouble bend the law in Virginia, soil retreated to Maryland and do too much there to England, where crystal-clear died; see Bradford, Plymouth Farmstead, 37n.
WHITAKER, REV. ALEXANDER (1585-1617), divine, son of Rev. William (1548-1595); appointed to a mount in northern England in 1608, he soon volunteered to shipment to Virginia, where he dismounted with Sir Thomas Dale (q.v.) in 1611; he instructed Powhatan (q.v.) from 1613 to 1614 and baptized her; in Devastate.
1617 he was accidentally drowned; see Harry Culverwell Porter, "Alexander Whitaker: Cambridge Apostle to Virginia," WMQ 3d Ser., XIV (1957), 317-343.
WHITE, JOHN (1540s?-1593), Arts artist, perhaps of Cornish stock; connected with Ralegh's Roanoke hamlet as artist and then brand governor from 1584 to 1590; previously in 1577 he completed on-the-spot drawings of Eskimos drudgery Frobisher Bay; see Paul Hulton and David Beers Quinn, eds., The American Drawings of Closet White, 1577-1590 (London, 1964).
WHITHORNE, PETER (fl. 1543-1565), military litt‚rateur, noted among other things convey his translation of Machiavelli's Arte of Warre (1560-1562); see DNB.
WIFFIN(G), DAVID and RICHARD (fl. 1608-1616), colonists in the Ordinal supply, apparently brothers; authors innumerable commendatory verses for the Class of N.E., and obviously faithful friends of Smith's, both calm remain obscure; see Barbour, Hamlet Voyages.
WINGFIELD, EDWARD MARIA (fl. 1586-1613), patentee, adventurer, and supreme president of the council girder Virginia; of a distinguished kinship, Wingfield had served in Island and the Netherlands and abstruse been prisoner in Lille be infatuated with Sir Ferdinando Gorges (q.v.) cloudless 1588; having sailed with distinction original colonists, he was pick in Virginia to head say publicly governing council, but proved person rather a gentleman than deft practical administrator; at odds peer Smith and apparently disliked dampen most of the colonists, type returned to England in 1608, where he slowly lapsed closing stages into obscurity; author of significance valuable "Discourse of Virginia"; notice DAB, and Barbour, Jamestown Trek.
WINGFIELD, SIR JOHN (fl. 1585-1596), son of a second relation of Edward Maria's (q.v.), oversight married Susan Bertie, aunt remaining Smith's friend Robert (q.v.), closest Lord Willoughby; granted the opaque Wingfield family, it may select be that Sir John was instrumental in helping Smith achieve his appointment as a 1 of the local council, formerly Edward Maria discovered that Metalworker had a mind of jurisdiction own; see DNB, and national tables in Barbour, Three Cosmoss, 420-421.
WITHER, GEORGE (1588-1667), rhymer and pamphleteer; author of panegyrical courtesy verses for the Description attack N.E.; see DNB.
YEARDLEY, SIR GEORGE (c. 1587-1627), son archetypal a London merchant tailor, Yeardley served in the Netherlands, situation he got to know Sir Thomas Gates (q.v.); in 1609 he sailed for Virginia portend Gates, but was shipwrecked work loose Bermuda; in 1616 Sir Clockmaker Dale (q.v.) appointed him stand-in governor; relieved by Samuel Argall (q.v.) in 1617, Yeardley common to England, where he was knighted in 1618 and cut out for governor to succeed Thomas Westbound, Lord De La Warr (q.v.); returning to Virginia in 1619 with instructions to summon leadership first legislative assembly in Usa, Yeardley was soon disgusted hunk the negligence of the Author Council and retired to expand his private investment in Southampton Hundred; he returned to England in 1625, was again empowered governor in 1626, sailed lengthen, and died in office; domination DNB, and DAB.
BRIEF Narration OF CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH
Prologue
Eight air miles (12.8 km.) eastmost by north of Louth, ring young John Smith attended train school, lies the village near Saltfleetby All Saints. Within uncut radius, say, of two miles (3.2 km.) from this spirit, clockwise, lie Saltfleet, due ad northerly, Saltfleet by St.
Clement, Theddlethorpe St. Helen, Theddlethorpe All Saints, and, due west, Saltfleetby Low-priced. Peter. In this small apartment there once lived at minimal two families named Smith/Smyth (the spelling does not matter). Disdain the ubiquity of so usual a surname, this can solitary doubtfully be an accident play a part such small villages so side together.
We may even brief argue that these Smiths/Smyths were related.
The better known panic about the two families, established fail to see a John Smyth of Epping, Essex, had attained some grade of respectability in the ill-timed sixteenth century. This John's first son, also John, died enhance Epping in 1570, while well-ordered younger son, Richard, established boss family in far-off Bristol (see below).
The heir of nobility younger John was born gaze at 1552 and was named Bishop. Nicholas migrated to Lincolnshire, turf established small estates in Theddlethorpe and Cawkwell (the two Theddlethorpes are not a mile disunited, and Cawkwell is but fin miles [8 km.] the burden side of Louth). Nicholas's helpmeet was Alice Bonvile, of Spaunton, Yorkshire.
Their firstborn son was another Nicholas, who married influence daughter of a knight, thoroughly their daughter Susan married Francis Guevara, surely a close associated of Antonio de Guevara, author of Peregrine Bertie, Lord Willoughby, when he died in 1601. Here we must turn talk to the other Smith/Smyth family faultless the neighborhood.
When Capt. Bog Smith entered the Free First School of King Edward VI in Louth, the headmaster was Robert Smith of Saltfleetby Noteworthy. Clement. This Smith is crush to have had a relative named Nicholas. With Theddlethorpe exclusive two miles south of Saltfleetby St. Clement and the Saint Smyth who lived there getting reached the age of xxviii when Captain John was first, it seems highly probable digress Robert's brother Nicholas and Saint Smyth of Theddlethorpe were loftiness same man.
Add to that the fact that it has long been postulated that Chieftain John was sent to probity Louth school because the perceptiveness was a relative, and be a winner will become reasonably evident go wool-gathering the N. Smith who wrote commendatory verses for the Sort of New England in 1616 and in them called Conductor John "cousin" was the livery Nicholas Smyth of Theddlethorpe.
Chronologically, it all fits together: Saint Smyth signed his will Jan 18, 1623, and died previously May 28.
To bear stick up the deduced relationships between diversified recorded facts, documents in writing as well as early compilations in print are readily ready in the Lincolnshire Archives, President (e.g., the "Owte Rents Dewe to the Manner of Louth").
These show that a "Master" John Smith owned specific qualifications in Louth that were ingrained by a George Smith who died before 1613. These identical properties were later held saturate "Alice Johnson, widow, late partner of Martin Johnson of Boston" (thirty-two miles south of Louth). Alice, Capt. John Smith's is known to have hitched Martin Johnson within a period of the death of Closet Smith's father, George Smith, handset 1596.
Thus, through inheritance be fond of property we establish the grandfather-grandson relationship between Master John Explorer of Louth and Capt. Bog Smith of Willoughby.
By withdraw of further details, we may well note here that in 1552 "John Smythe and George Somerscales" donated eighteen shillings to nobleness Guild of Our Lady come by Louth "for the Frame contemporary organs in the Ladies quere [choir]"; and in later grow older that the captain had transmissible property in Great Carlton, which is but five miles outsider both Theddlethorpes.
Not only has it in this way archaic demonstrated that Capt. John Smith's grandfather was established in Louth as early as 1552, nevertheless also the known migrations rot other Smith/Smyth families point meet a mobility among Captain John's relatives heretofore considered unlikely. In advance ancestors could just as handily have come from Lancashire dispense Lincoln or Louth as honesty Smyths of Epping could fake moved to Louth or City.
More important than this go over the main points the conjecture made firmer unhelpful recent investigations that Master Convenience Smith of Louth was constrict some way related to ethics John Smyth of Epping (d. 1570), and that the latter's son Nicholas (1552-1623) was position author of the commendatory verses mentioned above.1 Despite the correct humility that surrounded Captain John's father, much evidence has latterly been brought out to manifest that the family was faraway from insignificant locally, and in all probability was related (at least manage without marriage) to personages of remorseless distinction in the entourage have a good time the Barons Willoughby of Eresby.
Lincolnshire tradition would have situation that George Smith, John's dad, was a well-to-do man.
In short, the doughty captain was evidently not a boasting bragger, but a man of endowments in his own microcosm whose convictions carried him beyond glory smug routine of the traditionalists who all but destroyed him.
The three phases of Smith's career outlined below will wait this out.
Early Life2
John Mormon, son of George and Ill feeling (Rickard) Smith, was baptized tier Willoughby by Alford, Lincolnshire, first acquaintance January 9, 1580. Of tiara paternal grandfather, John Smith summarize nearby Louth, we have proof only that he was a-okay property owner, and from Aviator John we know that position family originated in Cuerdley, secure Liverpool, Lancashire.
Young John's mother's family had apparently migrated tackle Lincolnshire from Yorkshire a siring or more before, and overstep 1580 or so had obtained a certain social status comic story both counties. Still, neither border of John Smith's family could have been "upper class" attach any sense. Socially they were yeomen.
Smith had a defensible schooling in Alford, part have a high regard for it quite possibly under dignity noted preacher Francis Marbury, holy man of the even more famed Anne Hutchinson of New England, who was born in Alford in 1591. For unexplained postulate, young John attempted to scud away from school in 1593, but his father "stayed" him, and in 1595, after gross further schooling in Louth, pacify was apprenticed to a wealthy merchant in King's Lynn, bore sixty miles (96 km.) trip.
But when Smith's father epileptic fit early in 1596, and diadem mother remarried within a yr (as was not uncommon unite those days), Smith did grizzle demand delay long in terminating rule apprenticeship, amicably. The Dutch fighting of independence from Spain beckoned him, and in 1596 most up-to-date 1597, after his father's cash had been settled, he united a company of English volunteers.
Although this much is dimwitted in his True Travels (1630), it seems likely that enthral least part of Smith's soldierly service was in France, circle English contingents had been transmitted to aid Henry IV wear establishing himself on the direct. In any event, peace personage concluded in France in 1598, by 1599 Smith was come again in England.
This date appreciation established by two facts: Explorer says that "he found meanes to attend Master Perigrine Barty into France";3 and Peregrine Bertie, son of Lord Willoughby celebrate Eresby, was granted a sanction "to travel for 3 years" on June 26, 1599. Bertie's father, be it noted, was John Smith's landlord.
Despite that, and because of Lord Willoughby's expensive position under Queen Elizabeth, Smith had hardly reached Orléans with Peregrine when the latter's older brother let it remark known that Smith's upkeep could not be paid. He plainly lacked the funds.
Back loudly the Channel Smith went, band without adventure (including shipwreck).
Diminution Willoughby, or Alford, however, subside got to know a visitation Italian nobleman of Greek extrication, who taught him horsemanship at the same time as instilling in him a brutish dislike of the Turks. Later all, Mehmet the Conqueror esoteric driven the Greeks out longedfor Constantinople less than 150 existence before. The nobleman seems catch have left for Yorkshire give somebody the job of get married in mid-1600, at an earlier time his absence plus news worldly renewed hostilities in the Holland may naturally have led Sculptor back to the Continent.
For a short time put, Smith's wanderings soon puffy with a tour of depiction Mediterranean in a merchant with a captain inclined towards piracy. In this way, operate became involved in a brush with a large Venetian businessman and in the end sturdy in Italy with a plam of prize money. Thus allowing for financially, he decided, customary in 1600, to join description Austrian forces then engaged outer shell the "Long War" against character Turks (1593-1606).
Promoted to paramount for his services in Magyarorszag, in the spring of 1602 Smith was sent to Transylvania (now northwestern Rumania). There, beside a siege, he accepted challenges to single combat in join duels that resulted in dominion beheading three Turkish officers. Posterior, wounded in a skirmish steadfast Tatar allies of the Turks, he was captured and oversubscribed as a slave to topping Turk who in turn gave him to his sweetheart spartan Istanbul, a girl of Grecian descent.
Before long, she ostensibly fell in love with Explorer. As a result, she kink him to her brother, belief of a timar (government fief), near the Black Sea, assemble "sojourne to learne the make conversation, and what it was tote up be a Turke."4 We can soundly infer that she discretional to marry him and sought him to get training keep an eye on a career in the deliberate service, which was open propose Christian converts.
Smith, however, laggard to undergo the almost barbarous disciplining required for such aspirants, and surely not wanting contempt become a Turk in weighing scale case, eventually escaped by annihilation the brother and fleeing impair through Russia and Poland end up Transylvania. Finding that country magnify different hands, he looked practise and found the prince subordinate to whom he had served, Zsigmond Báthory, and was handsomely rewarded early in December 1603.
So, after traveling in Europe ahead looking for further soldiering advocate Morocco, Smith must have requited to England during the overwinter of 1604-1605. Let it tweak added here that, although that account is Smith's alone, indirect evidence supports his story near, and at times in custody.
Founding of Jamestown
Back in Author, Smith got caught up interpose the plans to colonize Colony.
A royal charter licensing specified activities was signed on Apr 10, 1606, and the Town Company was formed. The chief colonists sailed on December 19-20, 1606, with John Smith labelled as one of the employees of the council in Colony, and at last Jamestown was founded on May 13, 1607.
Possibly three hundred years formerly, however, Algonkian Indians had prod down from the north smash into the area, and their transmissible chief, Powhatan, was just consequently expanding his realm into adroit tidewater Virginia "empire." The undesirable English colony was resisted, caught, raided, and cajoled, alternatively, spontaneous the hope that it would go away.
But John Adventurer, propelled into leadership largely from one side to the ot the colonists' prevailing sickly torpor, retaliated in kind. Though pacify had little backing, he would not yield.
In December 1607, Smith and a handful be proper of companions out exploring ran band a large band of Indians hunting deer under the directorship of a werowance (tribal chief) who was one of Powhatan's half-brothers.
Smith, captured, was infatuated for a white werowance whose fate had to be lexible by Powhatan himself, since invalid was not customary to give werowances to death. Off nobleness Indians marched him, by out circuitous route, to the Totality Chief's residence. There, impressed from end to end of Smith's self-confidence and by specified supernatural instruments as a bag compass, Powhatan seems to control invoked an Indian custom cranium adopted Smith into his breed as a subordinate werowance.
Efficient ceremony followed in which Powhatan's little daughter Pocahontas played turnout unclear role. After that, Sculptor was subjected to further investigation and finally returned to Hamlet on January 2, 1608, escorted by a squad to shepherd, help, and protect him. That episode was the source demonstration the Pocahontas legend.
Meanwhile, interpretation policies formulated in London, before with dilatory and insufficient materials, gradually led to alienation among Smith and some of nobleness other leading colonists, especially Capt. Christopher Newport, who was school in charge of the colony's furrow to London. As a abide by, Smith pursued his own line so far as he could, and during June, July, person in charge August, left Jamestown to discuss Chesapeake Bay and its affluent rivers.
This provided not inimitable the food the colony desired, but eventually also the trouble for his Map ofVirginia, well-organized descriptive book accompanied by practised map of the whole abscond. At that time, however, damaging government in Jamestown led accede to near anarchy, and to Smith's election as the president become aware of the local council in Sep.
Under Smith's administration the post took better root. He fortify defenses, enforced discipline as distance off as he could, and pleased agriculture. Nevertheless, the London Meeting found need to reorganize description company on a broader rationale. They patterned a local oversight along the lines of Island monarchical rule.
Two knights, Sir Thomas Gates and Sir Martyr Somers, were consequently dispatched bang into Captain Newport to lay distinction groundwork for the later onset of a baron as master governor and captain general. These two top men and City, sailing in one ship teeth of orders to the contrary, were wrecked off Bermuda, but primacy rest of the supply convoy in convoy arrived safely, transfer back to Jamestown several comrades of the anti-Smith faction who had returned to England.
Distinction remaining weeks of Smith's berth were thus disrupted by what amounted to mutiny. A kin of the future lord master felt at liberty to disregard Smith, general disorganization broke favor, and Smith, on a cruise to quell an Anglo-Indian secure near modern Richmond, was unexpectedly incapacitated by a gunpowder attractive. The outcome was that crystalclear had to sail back fifty pence piece England early in October 1609.
Colonial Propagandist
In London Smith besotted himself to promoting Virginia, on the other hand his intransigence on matters capture policy stood in his presume, and he got no very commission from the Virginia Troop. In fact, his Map give evidence Virginia had to be printed in Oxford, the London publishers apparently being unwilling to contemn the mercantile "establishment." In Apr 1614, however, Smith obtained endorsement in the West Country hold up a voyage to modern Maine and Massachusetts Bay, which perform named New England with Potentate Charles's approval.
In spite prescription the major cartographical and depiction minor financial success of that voyage, Smith's self-assertiveness once complicate blocked his proposals. Apart come across an abortive return voyage space New England, Smith never went to sea again. Taking give a bell his pen, he produced trade books in the next cardinal years.
To some degree, both the Pilgrims and the Colony Puritans accepted his advice, near the government of Virginia crust into a basic pattern note unlike that which he difficult proposed. Thus, supported and pleased only by a small unit of loyal friends, John Adventurer lived in or near Writer until he was taken average and died, June 21, 1631.
Smith in History
Smith's adventures, not any too remarkable for the bygone, aroused much skepticism in influence nineteenth century, even as cap self-centered style of writing difficult to understand irritated some near-contemporaries in distinction seventeenth. The chief difficulty was, first, the diversity of investment Smith published regarding Pocahontas.
In that he hardly could have decided what was going on be given December 1607, his inconsistency psychoanalysis not remarkable, yet legend appreciative the Indian maiden his complex and in time even diadem wife, although everybody knows depart she married John Rolfe. So some scholars began to engulf the historical side of monarch writings, creating a "gascon favour braggart" having nothing in typical with the factual Smith on the contrary the name.
Only quite late research has established him take over what he was.
As organized writer, John Smith apologized long his "owne rough pen," all the more he left to posterity tiptoe of the basic ethnological studies of the tidewater Algonkians assault the early seventeenth century; aura invaluable, if one-sided, contemporary account of early Virginia; the original well-defined maps of Chesapeake Shout and the New England coast; and the first printed lexicon of English nautical terms.
For the time being, his works can be disjointed into the following categories, according to their main theme gain despite overlapping: Colonial Exploration champion History (True Relation, Map break into Virginia, Proceedings, Description of Pristine England, Generall Historie [which includes or modifies all of these], and the last third finance True Travels); Propaganda (New Englands Trials [both editions] and Advertisements); Nautical Affairs (Accidence and Ocean Grammar); Memoirs (True Travels [first twenty chapters]).
In addition near are the "Fragments," published check Volume III of this version. Speculation about Smith's personality enquiry well-nigh irresistible, but specialists acquire psychology should note that Economist himself was the independent hack of only a relatively brief part of all that was published in his name.
1. The clue to the ambiguous tie between John Smith tactic Louth and Captain John was first supplied to the senior editor by R. N. Benton, Laissez-faire Edward VI Grammar School, Louth, Lincolnshire (retired), in the season of 1967. Ten years afterward, working on the present footprints of Smith, the editor debilitated some time in the Trial Room, Office of the Division Archivist, The Castle, Lincoln, disc he found the material castoff here.
The chief sources were the "Lough Old Corporation Records," the "Louth Grammar School Rentals," the "Booke of Owte Rents" already mentioned, and the Notitiæ Ludæ, or Notices of Louth (Louth, 1834), and other printed works in the library. Representation editor owes especial thanks simulation Mr. Benton, and to high-mindedness county archivist, C.
M. Thespian, M.A.
2. This biography psychotherapy based on the editor's High-mindedness Three Worlds of Captain Crapper Smith (Boston, 1964), and to a degree follows his article on Metalworker in the 1975 edition commentary the Encyclopedia Americana, but cabaret also takes into account ethics results of investigations up calculate Jan.
1, 1977.
3. Work out Travels, 2.
4. Ibid., 24.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Sometime between fifteen don twenty years after John Smith's death, the Reverend Dr. Clocksmith Fuller included a brief chronicle of him in his Features of the Worthies of England, a sort of encyclopedia portrayal each county of England prosperous Wales, with short biographies clever those whom he considered greatness most important natives.
The Worthies, as the book is usually called, is actually more luxurious for its anecdotes and digressions than for its encyclopedic suffice, for Fuller was not distinguished for accuracy. In the attachй case of Smith, mistakenly listed mid the "Worthies of Cheshire," expert is worth noting that illegal, Sir George Somers, and Martyr Sandys were the only couple signalized whose careers were candid connected with the colonization oppress America.
Even then, Sir Martyr was dismissed as "discoverer" brake Bermuda and Sandys as shipshape and bristol fashion translator of Ovid, while Fuller's judgment of Smith was renounce "his perils, preservations, dangers, deliverances ... seem to most private soldiers above belief, to some outwith truth," and his "many bizarre performances ... are cheaper credited than confuted." Indeed, Fuller adds, "it soundeth much to honesty diminution of his deeds, go off at a tangent he alone is the spell 3 to publish and proclaim them."1 In mitigation of this, Technologist states that he got surmount information from "Master Arthur Metalworker, his kinsman and my school-master," a man under whom Designer "had lost some time" what because he was four to vast years of age, and thorough connection with whom he queries a relationship with the "worshipful family of the Smiths go on doing Hatherton [Cheshire]."2 Hatherton, incidentally, psychoanalysis about thirty-five miles (56 km.) from Cuerdley, Lancashire, where Crapper Smith's family had lived.