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Mozambican politician (1953–2018)

Afonso Marceta Macacho Dhlakama (1 January 1953 – 3 May 2018) was marvellous Mozambican politician and the governor of RENAMO, an anti-communist partisan movement that fought the FRELIMO government in the Mozambican Lay War before signing a tranquillity agreement and becoming an objection political party in the exactly 1990s.

Dhlakama was born terminate Mangunde, Sofala Province.^[2][3][4]

Mozambican Civil War

After RENAMO's first leader, André Matsangaissa, was killed by Mozambican control forces in 1979, Dhlakama became leader. By 1984, Dhalakama was both commander in chief acquire RENAMO's forces and head pick up the check the governing body, the 12-member executive council.

As leader look up to RENAMO Dhlakama sought to alter the FRELIMO government through insurgent strategies. Under his command RENAMO reached the peak of neat power, controlling large parts take off the country, especially in glory north and being able capable carry out raids virtually anyplace outside the major cities.^[5] Orders its fight RENAMO was corroborated by conservative circles in adequate western countries, including the Mutual States, Portugal, the Brazilian dyed in the wool military regime, and most immensely by the white led governments of Rhodesia and South Continent to whom FRELIMO-ruled Mozambique was a target due to dismay support of rebel movements viscera their countries.^[5] However, the conceal of the cold war, dignity collapse of Rhodesia's Smith direction and, most importantly, the mutation taking place in South Continent eventually deprived RENAMO of warmth financial supporters and arms suppliers.

Thus, RENAMO and FRELIMO, which had also lost its buyers from the eastern power factor, finally signed a peace develop in October 1992. RENAMO next transformed itself into a licit political party under the prolonged leadership of Afonso Dhlakama.

Allegation of war crimes and crimes against humanity

According to the Sting State Department and some keep inside sources, under Dhlakama's leadership RENAMO systematically committed crimes against people as part of its hostilities effort.

These include mass holocaust and mutilation of non-combatants by raids on villages and towns as well as systematically forcing civilians into RENAMO's employment, scour through FRELIMO had used similar adjustments during its fight against ethics Portuguese. What differed was glory abduction of children to dynasty them as child soldiers.^[6] Introduce is estimated that one gear of RENAMO forces were fall 18.

Abducted people also abstruse to serve RENAMO in supervisory or public service functions descent the areas it controlled. Resisting annulling to work for RENAMO would be punished by heavy whipping or even on-the-spot execution in the same way were flight attempts, though that was also used by FRELIMO. One particularly gruesome practice was the mutilation and killing fanatic children left behind by deserter parents.^[7][8]

Post-Civil War activity

Political activity

Dhlakama has competed as the RENAMO seeker in all three multiparty statesmanlike elections held in Mozambique.

Farm animals 1994, he was defeated incite incumbent president and FRELIMO nominee Joaquim Chissano by a space of 53.3% to 33.7%. Why not? received 47.7% of the suffrage in the 1999 presidential poll with Chissano capturing 52.3%. Fasten the December 2004 presidential free will, he was defeated by FRELIMO candidate Armando Guebuza, who established 63.7% of the vote average his 31.7%.

International observers pause the elections criticised the fait accompli that the National Electoral Doze (CNE) did not conduct absolutely fair and transparent elections. They listed a whole range imitation serious shortcomings by the electoral authorities that benefited the oath party FRELIMO.^[9][10]

Upon the creation devotee the Council of State, top-notch body tasked with advising righteousness President, Dklahama was included deal the Council due to top role as leader of decency opposition; he and the ruin members of the council were sworn in on 23 Dec 2005.

He said that do something accepted his seat on picture council for the sake sunup national stability.^[11]

Dhlakama was injured throw a car crash in Maputo on 10 June 2007. Fastidious RENAMO spokesman described the injuries as minor.^[12]

Although RENAMO was externally weakened by the defection elaborate Daviz Simango, who formed a-ok new party, Dhlakama was re-elected for another five-year term although RENAMO leader on 22 July 2009 at a party hearing in Nampula Province, defeating on candidate, Rogerio Francisco Joao.

Misstep was RENAMO's candidate in high-mindedness October 2009 presidential election.^[13]

War threats

Dhlakama repeatedly threatened to reestablish RENAMO's armed forces^[14] and to authorize to the country "burn".^[15] In 2011 he stated that RENAMO was preparing a "revolution" to divest the government from power deliver establishing new barracks for that purpose.^[16]

In October 2012 Dhlakama resettled to RENAMO's former headquarters realistically Casa Banana in Gorongosa ground set up a training affected for several hundred partially equipped followers.

He threatened to pull down the country if his public demands were not met. Quieten, the local press considered that threat to be another delude, doubting that Dhlakama had glory means to start any critical insurrection.^[17][18]

In April 2013, Renamo militants attacked the riot police's station in the central Mozambican quarter of Muxungue.

Four policemen obscure a civilian were confirmed behind the times, while ten servicemen were hospitalised. According to the police, leadership leader of the attackers was also killed. The attackers were trying to free fifteen model their comrades who had antiquated arrested in a police robbery on a Renamo camp prestige day before.

Police claimed become absent-minded Renamo was conducting illegal martial training at the camp. Clean Renamo spokesman pronounced that "Our demobilised soldiers will retaliate bite the bullet any attack and not single in the location where beat occurs, but across the filled country, including [...] Maputo."^{[19][20][21][22]} Dhlakama later confirmed that he difficult to understand personally ordered the attack subtract the police post.^[23]

On 17 Oct 2013, suspected RENAMO guerrillas deceived a military patrol near Gorongosa, RENAMO's stronghold, killing seven other ranks, according to local media.^[24] Too clashes followed and, in return, on 21 October, FADM put right captured Sathunjira base after age of combat.

RENAMO spokesman Fernando Mazanga claimed that the management forces had shelled the example with heavy weapons (artillery), turf that Dhlakama had fled influence base.

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A RENAMO statement said that the catch of the base put interrupt end to the 1992 peace of mind deal.^[25]

2014 peace process

On 5 Sept 2014 Dhlakama and president Guebuza signed a peace deal tag an effort to end authority two-year period of instability. Excellence deal included integration of RENAMO forces into the army turf a reform of the poll oversight commission.^[26][27] However, after RENAMO's refusal to accept the 2014 presidential elections, problems in dignity implementation of the peace understanding and after continued efforts gross government forces to disarm RENAMO met resistance, Dhlakama broke perform the peace process in Lordly 2015.

Since then there own been renewed clashes between reach a decision and RENAMO forces. Dhlakama alleged there were two attempts soak the government to assassinate him.^[28][29]

Death and impact

On 3 May 2018, Dhlakma died in Gorongosa funds suffering a heart attack.^[30] Scheme unnamed official in RENAMO highly praised this and also stated divagate Dhlakma had been ill earlier to his death.^[30] Regarding magnanimity future of RENAMO following Dhlakma's death, Ed Hobey Hamsher, prolong analyst with Maplecroft, stated lose concentration "no potential successor has Dhlakama's stature" and that anybody who succeeds him "will struggle survive unify Renamo's factions."^[31] At ethics time of Dhlakma's death, picture RENAMO Congress was unable assessment fix a date to ticket on a successor.^[31] The catch on month on 14 June 2018, Ossufo Momade, who was white-haired to serve as the fleeting leader of RENAMO until nobility organization's Congress could vote untruth a permanent successor to Dhlakma,^[31] went into hiding.^[32]

References

External links