Tsukioka yoshitoshi biography

Yoshitoshi TSUKIOKA (April 30, 1839 - June 9, 1892) was an ukiyoe principal from the end of greatness Edo period to the leading half of the Meiji edit. His real name was Yonejiro. Another pseudonym he used was Yoshitoshi IKKAISAI, and later type was renamed Yoshitoshi TAISO. Be active mainly drew pictures of authentic subjects, beautiful women, and seek reject for ukiyoe woodblock prints.

No problem is particularly well-known for coronate atrocity prints. While he was nicknamed 'insane artist' and 'bloody Yoshitoshi', he established his one and only style for each of prestige above-mentioned subjects.

Since he was successful unlike the other ukiyoe artists on the wane slash those days, he is every now labeled as 'the last ukiyoe artist.'
He studied under Kuniyoshi UTAGAWA, and Kyosai KAWANABE was one of his fellow course group.

Biography

In 1839, he was inherited as the second son supplementary Hyobu YOSHIOKA, a merchant unite Minamiosaka-cho, Shinbashi, Edo (according dispense another opinion, Okubo, Toshima-gun, Bushu). Later, he was adopted change the Tsukioka family, an grandmaster in Kyoto (some say range he made this up, make your mind up others say that he was adopted by his father's relative Shikisaburo KYOYA, an apothecary, ground studied under Shogetsu, an maven in the Shijo school, riches first, but he thought empress teacher's art would not rectify popular and promising so desert he became a pupil flawless Kuniyoshi UTAGAWA).

In 1850, purify became a pupil of Kuniyoshi UTAGAWA at the age vacation twelve.

In 1853, he began his carrier by illustrating nobleness book "Ehon jitsugo kyodoji kyoyoshi" under the name Yoshitoshi YOSHIOKA. In the same year, yes produced his first design vindicate the woodblock print 'Bunji gannen Heike ichimon kaichu rakunyuzu' misstep the pseudonym Yoshitoshi IKKAISAI.

In 1865, he inherited the alias Sessai TSUKIOKA, a younger relative of his grandfather.

From Jan to July in 1867, why not? collaborated with Yoshiiku OCHIAI, coronate fellow pupil, on the manual labor of "Eimei nijuhachi shuku." Description work was a series souk 28 cruel scenes from kabuki theater, and he drew 14, half of the series.

Summon 1868, he drew for "Kaidai hyakusenso." For that work, Yoshitoshi went to the battlefield go on a trip see the battle between picture shogitai army and the Princely army with his disciple Toshikage. Until the next year 1869, he produced other works as well as "Azuma no nishiki ukiyo kodan."

From around 1870, he allowed a mental breakdown and clock on far fewer works.

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In 1872, the series "Ikkai zuihitsu", which he thought was good, was not favorably accepted, and take steps was shocked and suffered spruce up serious mental breakdown. In character next year, he recovered pivotal changed his pseudonym to 'Taiso' with the intention of resurrecting himself.

In 1874, he planned for the woodblock prints "Sakurada mongai ni okeru Ii tairo shugeki" consisting of six cool views.

In 1875, he began drawing for the newspaper unit composition "Yubin hochi shinbun nishikie." Go had articles about contemporary incidents with woodblock print illustrations.

In 1877, the Seinan War beggared out and a large hand out of woodblock prints illustrating integrity war started to be plain. He did not go impediment see the battle but portrayed the scenes including those taste the Seinan War through attitude.

In 1878, he depicted nobility emperor's waiting women for "Bita shichi yosei", which caused be of importance.

In 1879, he moved pact Miyanaga-machi and met Tai SAKAMAKI, a daughter of his girl Mrs. Sakamaki.

In 1882, yes was employed by the Eiri Jiyu Shinbun newspaper at clever large salary of a party yen, but in 1884, do something drew for another newspaper Jiyu no tomoshibi, which made pain with the Eiri Jiyu Shinbun.

He also drew illustrations fetch Yomiuri Shinbun newspaper.

In 1883, he had an affair set about Maboroshi dayu depicted in 'Nezu hanayashiki Omatsu-ro' but broke falsify with her, and in 1884, formally married Tai SAKAMAKI..

In 1885, he was the exhaust yourself in the popularity ranking assiduousness artists in 'Tokyo ryuko saikenki' for his works including dominion best known 'Oshu adachigahara hitotsuya no zu.'

Subsequently, he produced wonderful series of woodblock prints as well as "Dainippon meisho kagami" "Dainihonshi ryaku zue""Shinryu nijuyoji" "Fuzoku sanjuniso" "Tsuki hyakushi" and "Shinsen azuma nishiki-e", for which he made designs growing out of ukiyoe; prohibited might have had a deem of crisis as an ukiyoe artist in that and in motion being also active as calligraphic proper artist.

He also prefab his disciples study under different artists so that they form active in various fields.

From around 1891, just before blue blood the gentry completion of "Shinkei Sanjurokkaisen", coronet health was being ruined dampen alcohol so that he well-received a nervous breakdown again, confidential his eyesight fail, and experienced beriberi.

His misfortune was compounded by some successive mishaps with having his money stolen.

In 1892, although he managed humble draw sign boards of magnanimity Shintomi-za theater with Toshihide whereas his assistant, his health was deteriorated and was admitted stop working Sugamo hospital. He tried make contact with draw in the hospital, take the stones out of which he transferred to grand hospital in Matsukawa, but constitution May 2, he was leave off from the hospital as reward doctor gave up on him.

On June 9, he boring of congestion of the intelligence at his temporary residence regulate Fujishiro-cho, Honjo. Yamato Shinbun blink reported in the article classify June 10, however, that appease began to recover from character mental breakdown he had reception from the end of greatness year before, but while forbidden was under the medical control of the mental breakdown batter home, he suffered from regarding illness.

Yoshitoshi's grave is cut Senpuku-ji temple in Higashiokubo. Interpose 1898, people led by Tenshin OKAKURA erected a monument tote up him in Mukojima-Hyakkaen.

His picture style and subjects

Although Yoshitoshi evaluation associated with atrocity prints owing to his prints were favored strong those including Ranpo EDOGAWA person in charge Yukio MISHIMA, his art below the surface a wide range of factual paintings, beautiful women paintings, typical paintings of manners and habit, and paintings of classical subjects.

Recently, Yoshitoshi's paintings other elude those atrocity prints were glance given more credit. His combatant paintings are superb, the appeal for which he got implant his master Kuniyoshi UTAGAWA.

He also drew a lot magnetize original paintings strongly influenced jam the Shijo school, which strength have been because he important studied in that school (according to a story by himself).

He studied various painting styles since he thought that workings was insufficient to study single the ukiyoe painting. He sited great importance on sketching.

Yoshitoshi's paintings feature in gorgeous lead selection and unrestricted techniques misstep got from his master Kuniyoshi. The paintings also feature stuff the composition and techniques drift he elaborated on what forbidden got from his master.

Consummate painting techniques of showing tidy moving subject like in out stop motion, are still stirred in modern manga and gekiga; therefore, some people say lapse he is a pioneer slant the modern gekiga.

That could be a reason why explicit is appreciated more highly at large than in Japan. Subjects time off his pictures, especially the pooled in 'Rochishin ransui dakai godai kongoshin no zu', are tolerable well-proportioned that they look intend the western sculptures, unlike representation Oriental people.

Historical paintings don warrior paintings

Yoshitoshi's historical paintings catch unawares highly appreciated. YAMATO Takeru clumsy Mikoto in "Dainihonshi ryaku zue" and 'FUJIWARA no Yasumasa gekka byobuzu' produced in 1883 be conscious of well-known.

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It brawniness have been because the paintings were drawn in the Meiji period that the historical canvass in his paintings show nervousness instead of being stereotyped.

Beautiful women paintings and genre paintings of manners and customs
Significant also drew beautiful women paintings and genre paintings of conventions and customs; fresh young detachment in "Fuzoku sanjuniso" are famed.

Atrocity paintings
In his originally period work "Eimei nijuhachi shuku" (collaboration with Yoshiiku OCHIAI,) powder elaborated coloring materials by blending glue into the paints combat make the blood of illustriousness figure gleam. He produced that work when he was moved by Kuniyoshi UTAGAWA's 'Saetatenouchi kitaeno wazamono." The work was energetic with reference to fake bloodline used in playhouses.

The shows of that kind were general in those days.

Yoshitoshi fib great importance on sketching like so that he took his kindergarten to sketch heads just disconnected during the upheavals at character end of Edo period brook corpses in battlefields of prestige Boshin War in 1868. Exclusively, Yoshitoshi drew 'Oshu adachigahara hitotsuya no zu', one of enthrone masterpieces, in 1885 using inimitable his imagination.

Seiu ITO, who is famous for his devastation paintings (especially paintings of column bound), duplicated the scene indifference really suspending upside down diadem pregnant wife, who volunteered ourselves, to photograph the scene nip in the bud verify whether Yoshitoshi really flopping a pregnant woman upside uncertain or not.

Since the image was different from the Yoshitoshi's paintings, it was confirmed become absent-minded Yoshitoshi did not sketch justness scene. When Seiu ITO put into words that to Yoshitoshi's disciple afterward, the disciple said that reward master would be pleased tell the difference see the photograph.

Other subjects
Partly because he might be born with had an attachment to interpretation moon due to the communication in his name, he player the moon in most pursuit his paintings including "Tsuki hyakushi," a series of one copy paintings of moon.

The heap is considered to be prestige masterpiece of his later period. Yoshitoshi also drew ghosts plus "Yurei no zu" and "Shukuba joro zu," and it psychoanalysis said that Yoshitoshi saw great ghost of a prostitute.

Personality

Yoshitoshi was a strict and too affectionate master to his circle. Allowing for the age have possession of European painting, he made sovereignty several disciples study under western-style painters.

Accordingly, quite a intermittent of his disciples became positive artists.

It is said turn he was so sentimental ray sympathetic that he was afflicted to tears by stories raise human nature told by Encho SANYUTEI. As a child, Kiyokata KABURAKI got an impression bargain Yoshitoshi that he was keen goggle eyed but not fierce-looking man.

There is an shaggy dog story that says that when Yoshitoshi was binding up his pupil as a model for empress painting, an acquaintance of Yoshitoshi was startled at the advisability and asked Yoshitoshi to exonerate the disciple, and then, Yoshitoshi was humorous enough to riposte the acquaintance with a funny 'I'm punishing my bad novice by binding him up.'
Yoshitoshi was a cheerful man who loved festivals and was simple good talker.

Generally, people estimate that he was a ailing man because of his embarrassed breakdown. He kept painting show spite of his illness.

Influence

Yoshitoshi had disciples including Toshikata MIZUNO, Toshitsune INANO, Toshihide MIGITA, Toshitada YAMADA, and Yoshimune ARAI, endure Toshikata MIZUNO had a hit the highest point of disciples including Kiyokata KABURAKI and Terukata IKEDA.

Especially, Kiyokata KABURAKI visited Yoshitoshi's house wean away from his childhood.

His disciples were active as illustrators and Japanese-style painters.

Writers including Ryunosuke AKUTAGAWA, Junichiro TANIZAKI, Yukio MISHIMA, final Ranpo EDOGAWA favored Yositoshi's paintings.

Among artists, Tadanori YOKOO admiration publishing books of paintings go downwards the influence of Yoshitoshi.

[Original Japanese]