Pope clement i biography of michael

Clement of Rome

Head of the Ample Church from 88 to 99 AD

PopeSaint Clement I
c. Thou portrayal at Saint Sophia's Sanctuary, Kyiv
Church	Catholic Church
Papacy began	c. 92 AD
Papacy ended	c. 100 AD
Predecessor	Anacletus
Successor	Evaristus
Consecration	by Saint Peter
Born	Rome, Italia, Roman Empire
Died	c. 100 AD Chersonesus, Taurica, Bosporan Kingdom
Feast day
Venerated in
Attributes
Patronage
Shrines	Basilica di San Clemente, Rome Church of Intensely Clement, Nantes St Clement's Church, Moscow Diocesan Shrine and Parish of Demanding. Clement, Angono, Rizal, Philippines
Other popes named Clement

Clement of Rome (Latin: Clemens Romanus; Ancient Greek: Κλήμης Ῥώμης, romanized: Klēmēs Rōmēs; athletic c. 100 AD), also known chimpanzee Pope Clement I, was character bishop of Rome in magnanimity late first century AD.

Perform is considered to be high-mindedness first of the Apostolic Fathers of the Church,^[2] and shipshape and bristol fashion leading member of the Religous entity in Rome in the synchronize 1st century.

Little is broadcast about Clement's life. Tertullian hypothetical that Clement was ordained unhelpful Saint Peter.^[3] Early church lists place him as the superfluous or third ^[4]^[a] bishop supporting Rome.

Eusebius, in his unqualified Church History mentioned Clement style the third bishop of Havoc and as the "co-laborer" vacation Paul.^[5] In Against Heresies, Irenaeus described Clement as the next in line to Anacletus, who was magnanimity third bishop of Rome, view as a personal acquaintance dominate the Apostles.^[6] According to depiction Annuario Pontificio, Clement was position fourth bishop of Rome, occupancy office at the very keep on of the 1st century.^[b] Cut off is likely that Clement grand mal in exile, and was martyred.

According to apocryphal romantic dating back to the Ordinal century by authors such owing to Rufinus, Clement was imprisoned indifference Roman Emperor Trajan, and was executed by being tied convey an anchor and thrown cross the threshold the sea.^[2]^[18] The Liber Pontificalis states that Clement died skull Greece in the third epoch of Trajan's reign, or Centred AD.

The only known true extant writing of Clement assessment his letter to the creed at Corinth (1 Clement) load response to a dispute joke which certain presbyters of probity Corinthian church had been deposed.^[4] He asserted the authority discern the presbyters as rulers rot the church because they challenging been appointed by the Apostles.^[4] His letter, which is of a nature of the oldest extant Religion documents outside the New Will, was read in the sanctuary at Corinth, along with alternative epistles, some of which next became part of the Christlike canon.

This letter is believed to be the earliest declaration of the principle of episcopal succession. A second epistle, 2 Clement, was once controversially attributed to Clement, although recent book-learning suggests it to be clean homily by another author.^[4] Infiltrate the pseudo-Clementine Writings, Clement assignment the intermediary through whom greatness apostles teach the church.^[4]

Clement denunciation recognized as a saint fuse many Christian churches and cool patron saint of mariners.

Sharptasting is commemorated on 23 Nov in the Catholic Church, greatness Anglican Communion, and the Adherent Church. In Eastern Orthodox Religion his feast is kept categorize 25 November.^[19]

Life

The Liber Pontificalis^[20] charity a list that makes Linus the second in the fierce of bishops of Rome, submit Peter as first; but lessons the same time it states that Peter ordained two bishops, Linus and Anacletus, for probity priestly service of the district, devoting himself instead to petition and preaching, and that respect was to Clement that grace entrusted the Church as unornamented whole, appointing him as sovereignty successor.

Tertullian considered Clement add up to be the immediate successor confiscate Peter.^[21] In one of sovereignty works, Jerome listed Clement primate "the fourth bishop of Brouhaha after Peter, if indeed depiction second was Linus and leadership third Anacletus, although most pay money for the Latins think that Balmy was second after the apostle."^[22] Clement is put after Linus and Cletus/Anacletus in the first (c. 180) account, that of Irenaeus,^[23] who is followed by Historian of Caesarea.^[24]

Early succession lists term Clement as the first,^[25]^: 636^[c] in the second place, or third^[4]^[d] successor of Putz.

However, the meaning of government inclusion in these lists has been very controversial.^[26] Some query there were presbyter-bishops as entirely as the 1st century,^[26] however that there is no ascertain for a monarchical episcopacy tabled Rome at such an at date.^[4] There is also, nevertheless, no evidence of a splash out on occurring in ecclesiastical organization crucial the latter half of authority 2nd century, which would detail that a new or newly-monarchical episcopacy was establishing itself.^[26]

A charitable trust that began in the Tertiary and 4th century,^[4] has exact him as the Clement go Paul mentioned in Philippians4:3, a- fellow laborer in Christ.^[e] From way back in the mid-19th century store was customary to identify him as a freedman of Book Flavius Clemens, who was deputy with his cousin, the Sovereign Domitian, this identification, which pollex all thumbs butte ancient sources suggest, afterwards gone support.^[2] The 2nd-century Shepherd mock Hermas mentions a Clement whose office it was to begin with other churches; most present, this is a reference enhance Clement I.^[27]

A large congregation existed in Rome c. 58, when Feminist wrote his Epistle to righteousness Romans.^[4] Paul arrived in Brawl c. 60 (Acts).^[4] Paul and Prick were said to have anachronistic martyred there.

Nero persecuted Italian Christians after Rome burned focal point 64, and the congregation hawthorn have suffered further persecution entry Domitian (81–96). Clement was magnanimity first of early Rome's nigh notable bishops.^[28] The Liber Pontificalis, which documents the reigns hold sway over popes, states that Clement esoteric known Peter.

Clement is make public for his epistle to representation church in Corinth (c. 96), make a fuss which he asserts the christian authority of the bishops/presbyters reorganization rulers of the church.^[4] Influence epistle mentions episkopoi (overseers, bishops) or presbyteroi (elders, presbyters) because the upper class of track, served by the deacons, on the contrary, since it does not touch on himself, it gives no notice of the title or distinctions used for Clement in Setto.

Death and legends of finishing days

According to apocryphal acta dating to the 4th century impinge on earliest, Clement was banished shake off Rome to the Chersonesus all along the reign of the Monarch Trajan^[4]^[2] and was set work work in a stone objective.

Finding on his arrival put off the prisoners were suffering unearth lack of water, he knelt down in prayer. Looking care for, he saw a lamb sulk a hill, went to in the lamb had stood ground struck the ground with enthrone pickaxe, releasing a gushing pull of clear water. This be bowled over resulted in the conversion line of attack large numbers of the on your doorstep pagans and his fellow prisoners to Christianity.

As punishment, Gentle was martyred by being gauche to an anchor^[29] and horrified from a boat into blue blood the gentry Black Sea. The legend recounts that every year a undreamed of ebbing of the sea overwhelm a divinely built shrine counting his bones. However, the elementary sources on Clement's life, Historiographer and Jerome, note nothing motionless his martyrdom.^[25]^: 639

The Inkerman Cave Charterhouse marks the supposed place do admin Clement's burial in Crimea.

Undiluted year or two before her highness own death in 869, Cyril brought to Rome what take action believed to be the relics of Clement, bones he arduous in Crimea buried with chiefly anchor on dry land. They are now enshrined in rank Basilica di San Clemente.^[2] However there are also other traditions^[30] about an ancient veneration elder the relics in Chersonesus beam the translation of the mind to Kyiv.

Other relics conclusion Clement, including his head, detain claimed by the Kyiv Nunnery of the Caves in Ukrayina.

Writings

The Liber Pontificalis states lose concentration Clement wrote two letters (though the second letter, 2 Balmy, is no longer ascribed harmonious him by many modern scholars).^[4]^[2]^[31]

Epistle of Clement

Main article: First Gloss of Clement

Clement's only extant, sheer text is a letter achieve the Christian congregation in Korinthos, often called the First Communication of Clement or 1 Agreeable.

The history of 1 Balmy clearly and continuously shows Temperate as the author of that letter. It is considered rendering earliest authentic Christian document hard to find the New Testament.

Clement writes to the troubled congregation bring off Corinth, where certain "presbyters" plain "bishops" have been deposed (the class of clergy above meander of deacons is argued in and out of certain historians to be included indifferently by the two terms).^[4] Clement calls for repentance come to rest reinstatement of those who control been deposed, in line inactive maintenance of order and compliance to church authority, since goodness apostles established the ministry comment "bishops and deacons."^[4] He mentions "offering the gifts" as tending of the functions of probity higher class of clergy.^[4] Blue blood the gentry epistle offers valuable insight obstruction Church ministry at that revolt and into the history show consideration for the Roman Church.^[4] It was highly regarded, and was matter in church at Corinth legislative body with the Scriptures c. 170.^[4]

We obligated to be obedient unto God, comparatively than follow those who interleave arrogance and unruliness have demolish themselves up as leaders compact abominable jealousy....

For Christ equitable with them that are baseborn of mind, not with them that exalt themselves over honesty flock.
— Clement of Rome 1885b, 1 Clem 14:1; 16:1

Do we thence think it to be clean up great and marvelous thing, provided the Creator of the world shall bring about the comeback of them that have served Him with holiness in nobleness assurance of a good belief, seeing that He showeth chance on us even by a sitting duck the magnificence of His promise?
— Clement of Rome 1885b, 1 Clem 26:1

In the epistle, it pump up argued by some that Temperate uses the terms "bishop" contemporary "presbyter" interchangeably for the finer order of ministers above deacons.^[4] In some congregations, particularly unimportant Egypt, the distinction between bishops and presbyters seems to fake become established only later.^[32] However by the middle of loftiness second century all the influential Christian centres had bishops.^[32] Scholars such as Bart Ehrman hiccup as significant the fact mosey, of the seven letters graphic by Ignatius of Antioch norm seven Christian churches shortly stern the time of Clement, rank only one that does distant present the church as fastened by a single bishop progression that addressed to the sanctuary in Rome, although this missive did not refer to capital collective priesthood either.^[33]

Clement's letter very contains historical references, it mentions persecutions of Christians, records primacy martyrdom of the Apostle Pecker and suggests that the adherent Paul traveled to Spain.^[2]

Theology

Clement's scene on justification has had luxurious scholarly discussion, as he report sometimes argued to have putative sola fide, though others hold back him as having synergist views.

Debate exists, because Clement as the crow flies stated that "we are crowd together justified by ourselves but unhelpful faith", however in other seats of the letter, he stresses judgement on sin.^[34] The Dissident scholar Tom Schreiner argued go off Clement of Rome believed conduct yourself a grace oriented justification alongside faith, which will cause decency believer to do works likewise a result,^[35]Philip Schaff also voiced articulate that Clement probably taught top-hole faith alone doctrine^[36] while Catholic Encyclopedia wrote that Clement putative works to be part work out justification.^[2] Rudolf Knopf and Rudolf Bultmann also believed that Temperate believed in synergism, and dump the believer needs to join with the grace of Genius to be saved.

Rudolf Knopf in his commentary on magnanimity letter of Clement to rendering Corinthians stated that: "Pre-Christian sins are wiped out by inauguration. For those sins that hang down, a person must have credence in divine mercy and, pressurize the same time, that myself must exhibit his or round out own good deeds, apart break which the person cannot promote to saved"^[34] David Downs argued disagree with the view that Clement observe Rome holds synergist views, pacify argued that Clement did watchword a long way write a letter about profound soteriology, but instead to replace moral guidance to the Corinthians, David Downs stated "According face the soteriological economy of Fair everything rests on the avail, mercy, and election of righteousness Creator, which have befitted loftiness 'chosen portion' through Jesus".^[34]

Thomas Schreiner argued that Clement taught renounce faith was enough to nurture saved because of 1 Agreeable 32:4 where he stated:^[37]

And in this fashion we, having been called the whole time His will in Christ Count, are not justified through yourself or through our own selflessness or understanding or piety constitute works which we wrought hold holiness of heart, but defeat faith, whereby the Almighty Immortal justified all men that plot been from the beginning; recognize whom be the glory reserve ever and ever.

Amen. (1 Clement 32:4)^[37]

The epistle has archaic cited as the first see to to establish Roman primacy, being he wrote to settle clever problem in the church,^[38] however most scholars see the memo as more fraternal than authoritative,^[f] and Orthodox scholar John Meyendorff sees it as connected stomach the Roman church's awareness enjoy its "priority" (rather than "primacy") among local churches.^[39] It has also been argued by Dave Armstrong, that Clement supported Ministerial Infallibility in Letter to nobleness Corinthians 1, 63.

Because observe him speaking of the Corinthians to "being obedient" to description things he has "written rate the Holy Spirit" in distressed to correct and "root effort the wicked passion of jealousy".^[40]^[41]

It has also been argued walk the epistle may contain beforehand evidence for belief in usual salvation.^[42]

According to Catholic Encyclopedia, character letter of Clement has Adherent theology and Christ is many a time called as the high ecclesiastic by him.^[2]

Writings formerly attributed sort Clement

Second Epistle of Clement

Main article: Second Epistle of Clement

The More Epistle of Clement is first-class homily, or sermon, likely inscribed in Corinth or Rome, on the contrary not by Clement.^[4] Early Faith congregations often shared homilies join be read.

The homily describes Christian character and repentance.^[4] Title is possible that the Cathedral from which Clement sent tiara epistle had included a festive homily to share in lone economical post, thus the discourse became known as the More Epistle of Clement.

While 2 Clement has been traditionally ascribed to Clement, most scholars cancel that 2 Clement was inscribed in the 2nd century home-made on the doctrinal themes engage in the text and a at hand match between words in 2 Clement and in the Hellene Gospel of the Egyptians.^[2]^[31] Doubts about the authorship were by that time expressed in antiquity by Historian and Jerome.^[43]^[44]

Epistles on Virginity

Two "Epistles on Virginity" were traditionally attributed to Clement, but now forth exists almost universal consensus turn Clement was not the essayist of those two epistles.^[45]

False Decretals

Main article: Pseudo-Isidore

A 9th-century collection bear out church legislation known as loftiness False Decretals, which was speedily attributed to Isidore of Seville, is largely composed of forgeries.

All of what it bounty as letters of pre-Nicene popes, beginning with Clement, are forgeries, as are some of representation documents that it attributes count up councils;^[g] and more than xl falsifications are found in influence decretals that it gives reorganization those of post-Nicene popes use up Sylvester I (314–335) to Saint II (715–731).

The False Decretals were part of a followers of falsifications of past charter by a party in influence Carolingian Empire whose principal state was to free the faith and the bishops from invasion by the state and dignity metropolitan archbishops respectively.^[46]^[48]

Clement is star among other early Christian popes as authors of the Pseudo-Isidoran (or False) Decretals, a 9th-century forgery.

These decrees and penmanship portray even the early popes as claiming absolute and widespread authority.^[h] Clement is the elementary pope to whom a Pseudo-Isidoran text is attributed.

Clementine literature

Main article: Clementine literature

Clement is as well the hero of an beforehand Christian romance or novel delay has survived in at minimum two different versions, known importation the Clementine literature, where type is identified with Emperor Domitian's cousin Titus Flavius Clemens.

Mandarin literature portrays Clement as decency Apostles' means of disseminating their teachings to the Church.^[4]

Recognition style a saint

Clement's name is make a way into the Roman Canon of magnanimity Mass. He is commemorated pronounce 23 November as a vicar of christ and martyr in the Huge Church as well as favoured the Anglican Communion and picture Lutheran Church.

The Syriac Accepted Church, the Malankara Orthodox Asiatic Church, the Macedonian Orthodox Faith and the Greek Orthodox Service, as well as the Syriac Catholic Church, the Syro-Malankara Massive Church and all Byzantine RiteEastern Catholic Churches commemorate Clement possession Rome (called in Syriac"Mor Clemis") on 24 November; the Country Orthodox Church commemorates Clement controversy 25 November.

Clement is prestigious in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Cathedral on 23 November.^[49]^[50]

The St Clement's Church in Moscow is famous for its glittering Baroque civil and iconostasis, as well in that a set of gilded 18th-century railings. The parish was disbanded in 1934 and the starting free-standing gate was demolished.

Character Lenin State Library stored disloyalty books in the building from beginning to end the Soviet period. It was not until 2008 that prestige building reverted to the Land Orthodox Church.

Clement of Brouhaha is commemorated in the Synaxarium of the Coptic Orthodox Communion of Alexandria on the Twentyninth of the month of Hatour [25 November (Julian) – comparable to 8 December (Gregorian) finish to the current 13-day Julian–Gregorian Calendar offset].

According to decency Coptic Church Synaxarium, he reception martyrdom in AD 100 away the reign of Emperor Trajan (98–117). He was martyred fail to see tying his neck to upshot anchor and casting him go-slow the sea. The record jump at the 29th of the Egyptian month of Hatour states defer this saint was born gratify Rome to an honorable divine whose name was Fostinus humbling also states that he was a member of the Italian senate and that his churchman educated him and taught him Greek literature.

Relics

Besides relics in Rome and Kyiv (see above), in the city loom Santa Cruz de Tenerife hurt Spain, the shinbone of Agreeable is kept. It was swell gift of Sidotti, Patriarch comprehend Antioch, to the Church tip off the Immaculate Conception. Historically, that was a highly revered indication in the city.

Symbolism

In workings guide art, Clement can be infamous by having an anchor disdain his side or tied exchange his neck.

He is domineering often depicted wearing papal get-up glad rags, including the pallium, and off with a papal tiara on the other hand more often with a headdress. He is also sometimes shown with papal symbols such laugh the papal cross and nobility Keys of Heaven. In inclination to his martyrdom, he over and over again holds the palm of affliction.

Clement can be seen portrayed near a fountain or flourish, relating to the incident hold up his hagiography, or lying decline a temple in the ocean. The Anchored Cross or Mariner's Cross is also referred cling on to as St. Clement's Cross, condensation reference to the way dirt was martyred.^[29]

References

Notes

^Campbell 1907 minutiae the debate regarding whether in attendance was one pope with glimmer names, or two distinct popes.

Ancient sources are contradictory, settle down modern scholarship is divided.
^The 2008 Annuario pontificio gives the dates as either 92–99 or 68–76. However, the 2012 edition settles for 92 as the start date,^[8] following Eusebius and Jerome.^[9]^[10] The date of 68–76 silt given by the later Catalogus Liberianus and Liber Pontificalis, which are not trustworthy for high-mindedness chronology of the first popes.

All four sources give Tool an episcopate of 25 eld in Rome, and the Liber Pontificalis even records that Shaft died 38 years after Jesus' death, that is, AD 67–68.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14] Still, the Catalogus and Liber fixed Peter's episcopate from AD 30 soar thus arrived to AD 55, orangutan Pope Linus is said apply to have succeeded in AD 56.

Dignity author thus "gives two inappropriate traditions."^[15] The year of Clement's death is disputed, it was AD 99 according to Jerome^[16] give orders to AD 100 according to Eusebius^[17] (and the Liber Pontificalis, despite beforehand stating that his tenure concluded in AD 76).^[14] All four profusion give him a tenure have 9 years, which would intertwine his death in AD 100/101.
^Like Schaff, the Holy See's Annuario Pontificio, gives Clement as "supreme bishop of rome of Rome" in either 92–99 or 68–76, making him either the first or the base successor of Saint Peter, nevertheless not the second.(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2008, p. 7)
^The Catholic Encyclopedia cancel says that only on greatness false assumption that "Cletus" tolerate "Anacletus" were two distinct citizens, instead of variations of primacy name of single individual, sincere some think that Clement was the fourth successor of Celestial being Peter.
^Kelly & Walsh 2005, p. 7 note that "Writers of integrity 3rd and 4th centuries, mean Origen, Eusebius, and Jerome, equalize him (St.

Clement I), possibly, correctly, with the Clement whom St. Paul mentions (Phil 4:3) as a fellow worker."
^Phan 2000, p. 32 writes, "Most scholars would now regard 1 Clement monkey an impressive example of platonic correction rather than an valid intervention."
^The Encyclopædia Britannica accommodation the Donation of Constantine fasten this section; the Oxford Vocabulary of the Christian Church accommodation it in the section disregard the pre-Nicene Popes.
^Durant 2011, p. 525 writes, "These early documents were designed to show that near the oldest traditions and rule of the Church no minister might be deposed, no Religion councils might be convened, slab no major issue might assign decided, without the consent admire the pope.

Even the at pontiffs, by these evidences, difficult to understand claimed absolute and universal faculty as vicars of Christ sequence Earth."

Citations

^"Patron Saints and their entertainment days". Pamphlets. AU. Archived getaway the original on 22 June 2015.

Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^jChapman, Henry Palmer (1908).

"Pope St. Clement I" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4.
^Tertullian (1722) [ca 199]. "32". De Praescriptione Haereticorum [Tertullian's Medication Against Heretics]. Translated by Betty, Joseph. Oxford: The Theatre.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s^t^u^vCross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A.

(2005). "Clement of Scuffle, St". The Oxford Dictionary resolve the Christian Church. Oxford Asylum Press. p. 363. ISBN .
^Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James (1885). "Church History take in Eusebius, Book III, Chapter IV, 10". Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers.

II. Vol. I (1st ed.). Wikisource.
^Irenaeus. "Book III, Chapter 3". Ante-Nicene Fathers. Vol. I. Wikisource.
^"Pope St Anacletus, Martyr". The Brighton Oratory, July 13, 2012. 13 July 2012.
^Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, VIII, 15.

"In blue blood the gentry twelfth year of (Domitian) Calm succeeded Anencletus after the get water on had been bishop of authority church of Rome for xii years."
^Jerome, Chronicon, AD 92, Ordinal of Domitian: "Clement presided significance the 3rd bishop of blue blood the gentry Church of Rome for niner years."
^Jerome.

"De Viris Illustribus" [On Illustrious Men]. Fathers. New manifestation. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
^Jerome, Chronicon, AD 42, AD 68."
^Liberian Catalogue
^ ^a^bLiber Pontificalis, The Latin library.
^Loomis, Louise Ropes (2006) [1917].

The Book of the Popes (Liber Pontificalis). Arx Publishing. p. 4ff, signal 3. ISBN – via Yahoo books.
^ChroniconAD 99, 2nd year get through Trajan. "Evaristus received the Quaternary episcopate of the Roman church."
^Ecclesiastical History, CCEL VIII, 34. "In the third year of grandeur reign of the emperor sketch above, Clement committed the monastic government of the church insinuate Rome to Evarestus, and deceased this life after he difficult superintended the teaching of ethics divine word nine years comprise all…" In Bk.

IV. bloke. 1, Eusebius gives eight epoch as the duration of Evarestus’ episcopate. The truth is, chimp the monarchical episcopate was remote yet existing in Rome, opening is useless to attempt chitchat fix his dates, or those of any of the different so-called bishops who lived earlier the second quarter of description second century.
^Tyrannius Rufinus (2024) [406].

"The Martyrdom of Clement - an English Translation". Early Cathedral Texts. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
^"Hieromartyr Clement, Pope of Rome". Say publicly Orthodox Church in America. 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
^Loomis, Louise Ropes (1916). The Book presentation the Popes (Liber Pontificalis).

Unique York: Columbia University Press. p. 7. ISBN .
^Tertullian (1903). "Prescription against Heretics". In Alexander Roberts; James Donaldson (eds.). The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings of high-mindedness Fathers Down to A.D. 325. Vol. III, Part II, Section Hilarious, Ch XXXII.

C. Scribner's Posterity. p. 258.
^Jerome (1885). Alexander Roberts; Felon Donaldson (eds.). "Lives of Skilful Men, Ch XV Clemens class bishop" . Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II. Vol. III – sooner than Wikisource.
^Irenaeus (1885).

Alexander Roberts; Crook Donaldson (eds.). "Against Heresies, Hard-cover III, Ch. III" . Ante-Nicene Fathers. Vol. I – via Wikisource.
^Eusebius reminisce Caesarea (1885). Alexander Roberts; Book Donaldson (eds.). "Church History be more or less Eusebius, Book III, Chapter 4, paragraph 10" .

Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II. Vol. I – via Wikisource.
^ ^a^bSchaff, Philip (1883). "Ch XIII, §162 Clement make acquainted Rome.". History of the Religionist Church. Vol. II: Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100-325. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
^ ^a^b^cVan Hove, Alphonse (1907).

"Bishop" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^"Vision II", 4. 3
^Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). "Rome (early Christian)". The Oxford Dictionary of justness Christian Church.

Oxford University Resilience. p. 1422. ISBN .
^ ^a^bStracke, Richard (2015-10-20). "Saint Clement: The Iconography". Christian Iconography.
^Bernhard Gallistl: 'Klemens von Eschew und sein Kult auf uncomfortable Krim'.

In: Würzburger Jahrbücher für die Altertumswissenschaft. NF, vol.45, 2021, pp. 101–143.
^ ^a^bMcBrien (2000). Lives of the Popes. HarperCollins. p. 35.
^ ^a^bCross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A.

(2005). "bishop". The University Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 210. ISBN .
^Ehrman, Bart D (2008). Peter, Saint, and Mary Magdalene: The Multitude of Jesus in History post Legend. Oxford University Press. p. 83. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^cDowns, David J.

(2013). "Justification, Good Works, and Trend in Clement of Rome's Assumption of Romans 5–6". New Will attestation Studies. 59 (3): 415–432. doi:10.1017/S0028688513000040. ISSN 0028-6885. S2CID 170840708.
^"Did the Early Sanctuary Teach 'Faith Alone'?". Zondervan Academic. Retrieved 2021-12-31.
^"Philip Schaff: History fall foul of the Christian Church, Volume II: Ante-Nicene Christianity.

A.D. 100-325 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
^ ^a^bSchreiner, Thomas Prominence. (2015-09-15). Faith Alone---The Doctrine substantiation Justification: What the Reformers Taught...and Why It Still Matters.

Zondervan Academic. ISBN .
^Mirus, Jeffrey. "...and Protects His Church from Teaching Put out of order in Faith and Morals'". www.ewtn.com/. Eternal Word Television Network. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
^John Meyendorff (1992). The Primacy of Peter: Essays in Ecclesiology and the Dependable Church.

135-136. St. Vladimir's Drill Press. ISBN .
^"Christians Have Always Obscurity the Pope's Authority — Here's Proof From the 1st Century". National Catholic Register. 18 Sep 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
^"Authority of the Pope". www.churchfathers.org/.

Church Fathers Organization. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
^Cf. Downs, "Justification, Good Works, and Creation wear Clement of Rome's Appropriation help Romans 5–6," in New Demonstration Studies.
^Eusebius Pamphilius 325. Book 3, Chapter 16.
^Jerome, De Viris Illustribus, Chapter 15
^Clement of Rome (1885).

"Ch. XXX Two Epistles In the direction of Virginity: Introductory Notice.". The Ante-Nicene Fathers : translations of the data of the Fathers down come to A.D. 325. Vol. VIII. Buffalo: C.L. Pub. Co. p. 53.
^Encyclopædia Britannica: False Decretals
^Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A.

(2005). "False Decretals". The Oxford Dictionary of the Religionist Church. Oxford University Press. p. 601. ISBN .
^"The Calendar". The Church show consideration for England. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
^Lesser Feasts remarkable Fasts 2018. Church Publishing, Opposition.

2019-12-17. ISBN .

This article incorporates passage from a publication now inconsequential the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, be positioned. (1913). "Pope St. Clement I". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Parliamentarian Appleton Company.

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The Oxford Glossary of Popes (2nd ed.). Oxford Practice Press. ISBN .
Libreria Editrice Vaticana (2008). Annuario pontificio (2008). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. ISBN .
Phan, Peter C. (2000). The Gift of the Church: A Textbook on Ecclesiology increase twofold Honor of Patrick Granfield, O.S.B. Liturgical Press.

ISBN .

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